Spring @Autowired注解使用

最新推荐文章于 2024-09-22 07:15:00 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2024-09-22 07:15:00 发布

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分类专栏： Spring 文章标签： @Autowired SpringBoot

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/yanjunit/article/details/84862103

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Spring @Autowired注解使用

- @Autowired 自动装载

@Autowired 自动装载

@Autowired注解可以使用的地方很多，比如常见的setter方法，constructors方法，普通方法等，一下逐一罗列并举例说明

1. Constructors 中使用

@Service
public class MovieService {
	
	private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(MovieService.class);
	
	private final MovieRepository movieRepository;
	
	// 构造方法注入
	@Autowired public MovieService(MovieRepository movieRepository) {
		this.movieRepository = movieRepository;
	}
	
	public void printName() {
		String name = this.movieRepository.getMovieName();
		logger.info("Movie Name: {}",name);
	}
}

从Spring4.3开始如果类仅有一个构造函数，可以不使用@Autowired来标记构造函数，但是如果类中有几个构造函数，则至少需要有一个构造函数被@Autowired标记，来告诉IoC容器使用那个构造函数进行初始化。

2. 传统的setter方法中使用

@Service
public class MovieService {
	
	private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(MovieService.class);
	private MovieRepository movieRepository;
	
	public void printName() {
		String name = this.movieRepository.getMovieName();
		logger.info("Movie Name: {}",name);
	}
	
	// setter 方法注入
	@Autowired public void setMovieRepository(MovieRepository movieRepository) {
		this.movieRepository = movieRepository;
	}
}

3. 任意方法上使用

@Service
public class MovieService {

	private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(MovieService.class);
	private MovieRepository movieRepository;
	private MovieCatalogRepository movieCatalog;

	public void printName() {
		String name = this.movieRepository.getMovieName();
		String catalog = this.movieCatalog.getCatalog();
		logger.info("Movie Name: {},Catalog: {}", new Object[] { name, catalog });
	}

	// 任意方法名称，和多个参数的注入
	@Autowired public void prepare(MovieRepository movieRepository, MovieCatalogRepository movieCatalog) {
		this.movieCatalog = movieCatalog;
		this.movieRepository = movieRepository;
	}
}

@Autowired除了在setter和constructors上之外还可以在任意方法名称中使用，将依据传入参数进行注入

4. 注入一组特定类型的bean

public interface BasicRepository {
}
@Repository
public class MovieCatalogRepository implements BasicRepository{
	public String getCatalog() {
		return "Catalog..";
	}
}
@Repository
public class MovieRepository implements BasicRepository{
	public String getMovieName() {
		return "King..";
	}
}

@Service
public class MovieService {

	private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(MovieService.class);

	// 以Set形式注入所有实现BasicRepository接口的bean
	@Autowired private Set<BasicRepository> repositorySet;

	// 以数组形式注入所有实现了BasicRepository接口的bean
	@Autowired private BasicRepository[] repositoryArray;

	// 以Map形式注入所有实现了BasicRepository接口的bean
	@Autowired private Map<String, BasicRepository> repositoryMap;

	// 注入spring上下文
	@Autowired private ApplicationContext applicationContext;

	public void printName() {
		logger.info("打印Set中注入的bean...");
		// 打印set中注入的bean
		this.repositorySet.forEach(System.out::println);

		logger.info("打印数组中注入的bean...");
		// 打印数组中注入的bean
		Arrays.stream(this.repositoryArray).forEach(System.out::println);

		logger.info("打印Map中注入的bean...");
		// 打印Map中注入的bean
		this.repositoryMap.forEach((key, value) -> {
			System.out.println(String.format("Key:%s,Value:%s", key, value));
		});

		logger.info("打印ApplicationContext中所有BasicRepository类型的bean");
		this.applicationContext.getBeansOfType(BasicRepository.class).forEach((key, value) -> {
			System.out.println(String.format("Key:%s,Value:%s", key, value));
		});
	}
}

2018-12-06 10:09:53.800  INFO 15940 --- [           main] o.s.a.MovieService                       : 打印Set中注入的bean...
org.samples.annotations.MovieCatalogRepository@2d83c5a5
org.samples.annotations.MovieRepository@48d7ad8b
2018-12-06 10:09:53.801  INFO 15940 --- [           main] o.s.a.MovieService                       : 打印数组中注入的bean...
org.samples.annotations.MovieCatalogRepository@2d83c5a5
org.samples.annotations.MovieRepository@48d7ad8b
2018-12-06 10:09:53.801  INFO 15940 --- [           main] o.s.a.MovieService                       : 打印Map中注入的bean...
Key:movieCatalogRepository,Value:org.samples.annotations.MovieCatalogRepository@2d83c5a5
Key:movieRepository,Value:org.samples.annotations.MovieRepository@48d7ad8b
2018-12-06 10:09:53.802  INFO 15940 --- [           main] o.s.a.MovieService                       : 打印ApplicationContext中所有BasicRepository类型的bean
Key:movieCatalogRepository,Value:org.samples.annotations.MovieCatalogRepository@2d83c5a5
Key:movieRepository,Value:org.samples.annotations.MovieRepository@48d7ad8b

当以Key-Value形式注入一组特定类型的bean时，key为bean的名称，value为bean的引用。

5. 结合`@Primary、@Qualifier`注入特定类型的bean

如上例中所示，实现同一个接口的一组bean可以同时被注入，也可以被单个注入，在单个注入时可以结合@Primary或者@Qualifer注解使用。

使用@Primary注解默认注入beanPrimary用于指定多个相同类型bean中，在没有指定候选bean的情况下默认注入的bean

public interface BasicRepository {
}
@Repository
@Primary
public class MovieCatalogRepository implements BasicRepository{
	public String getCatalog() {
		return "Catalog..";
	}
}
@Repository
public class MovieRepository implements BasicRepository{
	public String getMovieName() {
		return "King..";
	}
}
@Service
public class MovieService {

	private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(MovieService.class);

	/* 
	 *  此处只指定了接口类型，设置@Primary以后，将默认注入@Primary标记的bean
	 *  若多个实现类中都没有标记@Primary则会抛出运行时异常[UnsatisfiedDependencyException]
	 */ 
	@Autowired private BasicRepository repository;

	public void printName() {
		logger.info("打印默认注入的bean");
		logger.info("Bean Name:{},Bean HashCode:{}", this.repository.getClass().getName(),
				this.repository.getClass().hashCode());
	}
}

2018-12-06 11:14:09,960 INFO :-- [main .. ] o.s.a.MovieService 打印默认注入的bean 
2018-12-06 11:14:09,961 INFO :-- [main .. ] o.s.a.MovieService Bean Name:org.samples.annotations.MovieCatalogRepository,Bean HashCode:1852661033

上面MovieCatalogRepository、MovieRepository都是实现了BasicRepository，在注入时如果采用接口注入的方式，我们可以使用@Primary注解标明在默认情况下注入的bean，此例中为MovieCatalogRepository。

使用@Qualifier来指出候选bean在接口注入中，若要注入指定的实现类，可以使用@Qualifier来指出候选bean的名称

public interface BasicRepository {
}
@Repository
@Primary
public class MovieCatalogRepository implements BasicRepository{
	public String getCatalog() {
		return "Catalog..";
	}
}
@Repository
public class MovieRepository implements BasicRepository{
	public String getMovieName() {
		return "King..";
	}
}
@Service
public class MovieService {

	private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(MovieService.class);

	/* 
	 * 此处使用@Qualifier注解来标记了默认候选bean为movieRepository,则在Ioc容器注入时将
	 * 注入名称为movieRepository的bean
	 * 虽然MovieCatalogRepository类标记了@Primary，但是这只是在没有指定候选bean时默认的选择
	 * 当指定了候选Bean时，会注入候选的Bean
	 * 
	 */ 
	@Autowired @Qualifier("movieRepository") private BasicRepository repository;

	public void printName() {
		logger.info("打印默认注入的bean");
		logger.info("Bean Name:{},Bean HashCode:{}", this.repository.getClass().getName(),
				this.repository.getClass().hashCode());
	}
}

2018-12-06 11:25:21,385 INFO :-- [main .. ] o.s.a.MovieService 打印默认注入的bean 
2018-12-06 11:25:21,387 INFO :-- [main .. ] o.s.a.MovieService Bean Name:org.samples.annotations.MovieRepository,Bean HashCode:1027319653

6. 泛型注入

public interface Store<T> {
	T get();
}
@Component
public class StringStore implements Store<String>{
	@Override
	public String get() {
		return "String..";
	}
}
@Component
public class IntegerStore implements Store<Integer>{
	@Override
	public Integer get() {
		return 1;
	}
}
@Component
public class StoreHandler {
	private static final Logger logger= LoggerFactory.getLogger(StoreHandler.class);
	
	@Autowired private Store<Integer> integerStore;
	@Autowired private Store<String> stringStore;
	
	public void test() {
		logger.info("test bean type");
		logger.info("IntegerStore get():{},StringStore get():{}",integerStore.get(),stringStore.get());
	}
}

2018-12-06 13:29:05,424 INFO :-- [main .. ] o.s.a.StoreHandler test bean type 
2018-12-06 13:29:05,424 INFO :-- [main .. ] o.s.a.StoreHandler IntegerStore get():1,StringStore get():String..