基础文章6：APUE chap17 高级进程间通信

17.1 引言 17.2 基于STREAMS的管道 17.3 UNIX域套接字      17.3.1 命名UNIX域套接字      17.3.2 唯一连接 17.4 传送文件描述符      17.4.1 经由基于STREAMS的管道传送文件描述符      17.4.2 经由UNIX域套接字传送文件描述符                sendmsg和recvmsg使用                在UNIX域套接字上发送凭证 17.5 OPEN服务器版本1

     

17.1 引言

     前面两章讨论了UNIX系统提供的各种IPC，包括管道和套接字。本章介绍两种高级IPC：基于STREAMS的管道（STREAMS-based pipe）以及UNIX域套接字（UNIX domain socket）。

17.2 基于STREAMS的管道

17.3 UNIX域套接字

     UNIX域套接字用于在同一台机器上运行的进程之间的通信。虽然因特网域套接字可用于同一目的，但UNIX域套接字的效率更高。UNIX域套接字仅仅复制数据；他们并不执行协议处理，不需要添加或删除网络报头，无需计算检验和，不要产生顺序号，无需发送确认报文。

     小结:采用UNIX域套接字进行进程间通信的原因在于 UNIX域套接字仅仅复制数据。

     UNIX域套接字提供流和数据报两种接口。UNIX域数据报服务是可靠地，既不会丢失消息也不会传递出错。

     

     UNIX域套接字是套接字和管道之间的混合物。为了创建一对非命名的、相互连接的UNIX域套接字，用户可以使用它们面向网络的域套接字接口，也可以使用socketpair函数。

     

#include <sys/socket.h> int socketpair(int domain,int type,int protocol,int sockfd[2]);        return value: 若成功返回0，若出错返回-1.

     为了得到全双工管道，我们必须直接调用socketpair。

     小结：管道的缺陷有两个：1）半双工 2）必须由共同祖先的进程才能通信。为了解决这个缺陷使用UNIX域套接字，利用socketpair函数创建全双工管道。

     17.3.1 命名UNIX域套接字

     17.3.2 唯一连接

17.4 传送文件描述符  

     

     概述部分：关于文件共享的介绍

     17.4.1 经由基于STREAMS的管道传送文件描述符

     17.4.2 经由UNIX域套接字传送文件描述符

struct iovec {                    /* Scatter/gather array items */                void  *iov_base;              /* Starting address */                size_t iov_len;               /* Number of bytes to transfer */            };            struct msghdr {                void         *msg_name;       /* optional address */                socklen_t     msg_namelen;    /* size of address */                struct iovec *msg_iov;        /* scatter/gather array */                size_t        msg_iovlen;     /* # elements in msg_iov */                void         *msg_control;    /* ancillary data, see below */                socklen_t     msg_controllen; /* ancillary data buffer len */                int           msg_flags;      /* flags on received message */            };  struct cmsghdr {（控制信息首部结构体 control-message-header）                socklen_t     cmsg_len;     /* data byte count, including hdr */                int           cmsg_level;   /* originating protocol */                int           cmsg_type;    /* protocol-specific type */            /* followed by                unsigned char cmsg_data[]; */            };

Here  msg_name  and msg_namelen specify the source address if the socket is unconnected.msg_name may be given as a null pointer if no names are desired or required. 如果socket是无连接的，那么msg_name和msg_namelen用于指定源地址。 The fields msg_iov and msg_iovlen describe scatter-gather locations, as discussed in readv(2) msg_iov和msg_iovlen可以指定多个缓冲区构成的数组（散布读和聚集写）。 msg_flags字段包含了说明所接受到消息的标识，这些标识如表16-9中。 msg_control和msg_controllen控制信息的传送和接收。 msg_control字段指向cmsghdr（控制信息首部）结构， msg_controllen字段包含控制信息的字节数。

为了发送文件描述符， 将cmsg_len设置为cmsghdr结构的长度加一个整型（描述符）的长度； cmsg_level字段设置为SOL_SOCKET， cmsg_type字段设置为SCM_RIGHTS，用以指明我们在传送访问权。（SCM：套接字级控制消息，socket_level_control_message）。访问权仅能通过UNIX域套接字传送。描述符紧随cmsg_type字段之后存放，用CMSG_DATA宏获得该整型量的指针。

int send_fd(int fd,int fd_to_send) {        struct iovec iov[1];        struct msghdr msg;        char buf[2];        iov[0].iov_base=buf;        iov[0].iov_len=2;        msg.msg_iov=iov;        msg.msg_iovlen=1;        msg.msg_name=NULL;        msg.msg_namelen=0;        if(fd_to_send<0)        {               msg.msg_control=NULL;               msg.msg_controllen=0;               buf[1]=-fd_to_send;               if(buf[1]==0)                      buf[1]=1;        }        else        {               if(cmptr==NULL && (cmptr=malloc(CONTROLLEN))==NULL)                      return(-1);               cmptr->cmsg_level=SOL_SOCKET;               cmptr->cmsg_type=SCM_RIGHTS;               cmptr->cmsg_len=CONTROLLEN;               msg.msg_control=cmptr;               msg.msg_controllen=CONTROLLEN;               *(int *)CMSG_DATA(cmptr)=fd_to_send;               buf[1]=0;        }        buf[0]=0;        if(sendmsg(fd,&msg,0)!=2)               return(-1);        return(0); } int send_err(int fd,int errcode,const char * msg) {        int n;        if((n=strlen(msg))>0)               if(writen(fd,msg,n)!=n)                      return(-1);        if(errcode>=0)               errcode=-1;        if(send_fd(fd,errcode)<0)               return(-1);        return(0); }

int recv_fd(int fd,ssize_t (*userfunc)(int,const void *,size_t)) {        int newfd,nr,status;        char * ptr;        char buf[MAXLINE];        struct iovec iov[1];        struct msghdr msg;        status=-1;        for(;;)        {               iov[0].iov_base=buf;               iov[0].iov_len=sizeof(buf);               msg.msg_iov=iov;               msg.msg_iovlen=1;               msg.msg_name=NULL;               msg.msg_namelen=0;               if(cmptr==NULL && (cmptr=malloc(CONTROLLEN))==NULL)                      return(-1);               msg.msg_control=cmptr;               msg.msg_controllen=CONTROLLEN;               if((nr=recvmsg(fd,&msg,0))<0)               {                      printf("recvmsg error");               }               else if(nr==0)               {                      printf("connection closed by server");                      return(-1);               }               for(ptr=buf;ptr<&buf[nr];)               {                      if(*ptr++==0)                      {                             if(ptr!=&buf[nr-1])                                    printf("message format error");                             status=*ptr & 0xff;                             if(status==0)                             {                                    if(msg.msg_controllen!=CONTROLLEN)                                           printf("status=0 but no fd");                                    newfd=*(int *)CMSG_DATA(cmptr);                             }                             else                             {                                    newfd=-status;                             }                             nr-=2;                      }               }               if(nr>0 && (*userfunc)(STDERR_FILENO,buf,nr)!=nr)                      return(-1);               if(status>=0)                      return(newfd);        } }

在UNIX域套接字上发送凭证

open服务器版本1

/*client.c * gcc -Wall client.c -o client */ #include<stdio.h> #include<stdlib.h> #include<fcntl.h> #include<unistd.h> #include<sys/socket.h> #include<sys/un.h> #include<errno.h> #include<sys/uio.h> //#include"error.c" #define MAXLINE 200                #define CL_OPEN "open" #define BUFFSIZE 8192 #define CONTROLLEN CMSG_LEN(sizeof(int)) static struct cmsghdr * cmptr=NULL; int csopen(char *,int); int s_pipe(int fd[2]); int recv_fd(int fd,ssize_t (*userfunc)(int,const void *,size_t)); int main(int argc,char * argv[]) {        int n,fd;        char buf[BUFFSIZE],line[MAXLINE];      printf("\n\nPlease input the name of the file:");        while(fgets(line,MAXLINE,stdin)!=NULL)        {               if(line[strlen(line)-1]=='\n')                      line[strlen(line)-1]=0;             printf("\n\nnow do the csopen:line :%s\n",line);               if((fd=csopen(line,O_RDONLY))<0)                      continue;               while((n=read(fd,buf,BUFFSIZE))>0)               {                      if(write(STDOUT_FILENO,buf,n)!=n)                             printf("client:write error");               }               if(n<0)                      printf("client:read error");               close(fd);        }        exit(0); } int s_pipe(int fd[2]) {        return(socketpair(AF_UNIX,SOCK_STREAM,0,fd)); } int csopen(char * name,int oflag) {        pid_t pid;        int len;        char buf[10];        struct iovec iov[3];        static int fd[2]={-1,-1};        if(fd[0]<0)        {               if(s_pipe(fd)<0)                      printf("s_pipe error");               if((pid=fork())<0)                      printf("fork error");               else if(pid==0)               {                      close(fd[0]);                      if(fd[1]!=STDIN_FILENO && dup2(fd[1],STDIN_FILENO)!=STDIN_FILENO)                             printf("dup2 error to stdin");                      if(fd[1]!=STDOUT_FILENO && dup2(fd[1],STDOUT_FILENO)!=STDOUT_FILENO)                             printf("dup2 error to stdout");                      if(execl("./chap17_open_server","chap17_open_server",(char *)0)<0)                             printf("execl error");               }               close(fd[1]);        }        sprintf(buf," %d",oflag);        iov[0].iov_base=CL_OPEN " ";        iov[0].iov_len=strlen(CL_OPEN)+1;        iov[1].iov_base=name;        iov[1].iov_len=strlen(name);        iov[2].iov_base=buf;        iov[2].iov_len=strlen(buf)+1;        len=iov[0].iov_len+iov[1].iov_len+iov[2].iov_len;        if(writev(fd[0],&iov[0],3)!=len)               printf("writev error");        return(recv_fd(fd[0],write)); } int recv_fd(int fd,ssize_t (*userfunc)(int,const void *,size_t)) {        int newfd,nr,status;        char * ptr;        char buf[MAXLINE];        struct iovec iov[1];        struct msghdr msg;        status=-1;        for(;;)        {               iov[0].iov_base=buf;               iov[0].iov_len=sizeof(buf);               msg.msg_iov=iov;               msg.msg_iovlen=1;               msg.msg_name=NULL;               msg.msg_namelen=0;               if(cmptr==NULL && (cmptr=malloc(CONTROLLEN))==NULL)                      return(-1);               msg.msg_control=cmptr;               msg.msg_controllen=CONTROLLEN;               if((nr=recvmsg(fd,&msg,0))<0)               {                      printf("recvmsg error");               }               else if(nr==0)               {                      printf("connection closed by server");                      return(-1);               }               for(ptr=buf;ptr<&buf[nr];)               {                      if(*ptr++==0)                      {                             if(ptr!=&buf[nr-1])                                    printf("message format error");                             status=*ptr & 0xff;                             if(status==0)                             {                                    if(msg.msg_controllen!=CONTROLLEN)                                           printf("status=0 but no fd");                                    newfd=*(int *)CMSG_DATA(cmptr);                             }                             else                             {                                    newfd=-status;                             }                             nr-=2;                      }               }               if(nr>0 && (*userfunc)(STDERR_FILENO,buf,nr)!=nr)                      return(-1);               if(status>=0)                      return(newfd);        } }

     

/*server.c  * gcc -Wall server.c -o server */ #include<stdio.h> #include<stdlib.h> #include<fcntl.h> #include<unistd.h> #include<sys/socket.h> #include<sys/un.h> #include<errno.h> //#include"error.c" #define MAXLINE 200 #define CL_OPEN "open" #define MAXARGC 50 #define WHITE " " #define CONTROLLEN CMSG_LEN(sizeof(int)) char errmsg[4096]; int oflag; char * pathname; static struct cmsghdr * cmptr=NULL; int cli_args(int,char **); void request(char *,int,int); int send_fd(int fd,int fd_to_send); ssize_t writen(int fd,const void * ptr,size_t n); int send_err(int fd,int errcode,const char * msg); int buf_args(char * buf,int (*optfunc)(int,char **)); int main(int argc,char * argv[]) {        printf("begin into server\n");        int nread;        char buf[MAXLINE];        for(;;)        {               if((nread=read(STDIN_FILENO,buf,MAXLINE))<0)                      printf("read error on stream pipe");               else if(nread==0)                      break;               printf("server buf :%s\n",buf);               request(buf,nread,STDOUT_FILENO);        }        exit(0); } void request(char * buf,int nread,int fd) {      write(STDOUT_FILENO,buf,strlen(buf));       int newfd;        if(buf[nread-1]!=0)        {               sprintf(errmsg,"request not null terminated:%*.*s\n",nread,nread,buf);               send_err(fd,-1,errmsg);               return;        }        if(buf_args(buf,cli_args)<0)        {               send_err(fd,-1,errmsg);               return;        }        if((newfd=open(pathname,oflag))<0)        {               sprintf(errmsg,"can't open %s:%s\n",pathname,strerror(errno));               send_err(fd,-1,errmsg);               return;        }        if(send_fd(fd,newfd)<0)               printf("send_fd error");        close(newfd); } int buf_args(char * buf,int (*optfunc)(int,char **)) {        char * ptr,* argv[MAXARGC];        int argc;        if((ptr=strtok(buf,WHITE))==NULL)               return(-1);        argv[argc=0]=buf;        while((ptr=strtok(NULL," "))!=NULL)        {               if(++argc>=MAXARGC-1)                      return(-1);               argv[argc]=ptr;        }        argv[++argc]=NULL;        return((*optfunc)(argc,argv)); } int cli_args(int argc,char ** argv) {        if(argc!=3 || strcmp(argv[0],CL_OPEN)!=0)        {               strcpy(errmsg,"cli_args usage:<pathname><oflag>\n\n");               return(-1);        }        pathname=argv[1];        oflag=atoi(argv[2]);        return(0); } int send_fd(int fd,int fd_to_send) {        struct iovec iov[1];        struct msghdr msg;        char buf[2];        iov[0].iov_base=buf;        iov[0].iov_len=2;        msg.msg_iov=iov;        msg.msg_iovlen=1;        msg.msg_name=NULL;        msg.msg_namelen=0;        if(fd_to_send<0)        {               msg.msg_control=NULL;               msg.msg_controllen=0;               buf[1]=-fd_to_send;               if(buf[1]==0)                      buf[1]=1;        }        else        {               if(cmptr==NULL && (cmptr=malloc(CONTROLLEN))==NULL)                      return(-1);               cmptr->cmsg_level=SOL_SOCKET;               cmptr->cmsg_type=SCM_RIGHTS;               cmptr->cmsg_len=CONTROLLEN;               msg.msg_control=cmptr;               msg.msg_controllen=CONTROLLEN;               *(int *)CMSG_DATA(cmptr)=fd_to_send;               buf[1]=0;        }        buf[0]=0;        if(sendmsg(fd,&msg,0)!=2)               return(-1);        return(0); } int send_err(int fd,int errcode,const char * msg) {        int n;        if((n=strlen(msg))>0)               if(writen(fd,msg,n)!=n)                      return(-1);        if(errcode>=0)               errcode=-1;        if(send_fd(fd,errcode)<0)               return(-1);        return(0); } ssize_t writen(int fd,const void * ptr,size_t n) { size_t nleft; ssize_t nwritten; nleft=n; while(nleft>0) {        if((nwritten=write(fd,ptr,nleft))<0)        {               if(nleft==n)                      return(-1);               else                      break;        }        else if(nwritten==0)               break;        nleft-=nwritten;        ptr+=nwritten; } return(n-nleft); }

运行：$./client 

           输入文件路径 比如 open /tmp/test.txt

关于17.4~17.5小结

17.4 传送文件描述符

 讲述了如何构建struct msghdr 以及通过sendmsg和recvmsg发送和接收消息

17.5 服务器版本1

讲述了如何利用socketpair创建一对无名管道，然后通过sendmsg由服务器进程发送文件的fd给客户端进程，客户端进程通过recvmsg接收服务器进程发来的fd。