java.util.Timer源码阅读

java.util.Timer是比较底层的一个java定时任务执行类，其底层也是基于java.util.Thread

Timer是一个总的类，里面成员变量包含了java.util.TaskQueue，java.util.TimerThread

其中TaskQueue封装了一个TimerTask的数组（优先队列）。TimerTask对应每个任务。其数组为优先队列，先执行的任务放在前面。

java.util.Timer#Timer(java.lang.String)构造函数和成员变量

    /**
     * The timer task queue.  This data structure is shared with the timer
     * thread.  The timer produces tasks, via its various schedule calls,
     * and the timer thread consumes, executing timer tasks as appropriate,
     * and removing them from the queue when they're obsolete.
     */
    private final TaskQueue queue = new TaskQueue();

    /**
     * The timer thread.
     */
    private final TimerThread thread = new TimerThread(queue);



......



/**
     * Creates a new timer whose associated thread has the specified name.
     * The associated thread does <i>not</i>
     * {@linkplain Thread#setDaemon run as a daemon}.
     *
     * @param name the name of the associated thread
     * @throws NullPointerException if {@code name} is null
     * @since 1.5
     */
    public Timer(String name) {
        thread.setName(name);
        thread.start();
    }

可见，Timer主要由TimerThread这个线程实现多个任务。

java.util.Timer#sched 将任务加入到优先队列中

进入java.util.Timer#schedule(java.util.TimerTask, long, long)再进入java.util.Timer#sched

/**
     * Schedule the specified timer task for execution at the specified
     * time with the specified period, in milliseconds.  If period is
     * positive, the task is scheduled for repeated execution; if period is
     * zero, the task is scheduled for one-time execution. Time is specified
     * in Date.getTime() format.  This method checks timer state, task state,
     * and initial execution time, but not period.
     *
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if <tt>time</tt> is negative.
     * @throws IllegalStateException if task was already scheduled or
     *         cancelled, timer was cancelled, or timer thread terminated.
     * @throws NullPointerException if {@code task} is null
     */
    private void sched(TimerTask task, long time, long period) {
        if (time < 0)
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal execution time.");

        // Constrain value of period sufficiently to prevent numeric
        // overflow while still being effectively infinitely large.
        if (Math.abs(period) > (Long.MAX_VALUE >> 1))
            period >>= 1;

        synchronized(queue) {
            if (!thread.newTasksMayBeScheduled)
                throw new IllegalStateException("Timer already cancelled.");

            synchronized(task.lock) {
                if (task.state != TimerTask.VIRGIN)
                    throw new IllegalStateException(
                        "Task already scheduled or cancelled");
                task.nextExecutionTime = time;
                task.period = period;
                task.state = TimerTask.SCHEDULED;
            }

            queue.add(task);
            if (queue.getMin() == task)
                queue.notify();
        }
    }

注意最后2行，要唤醒有queue锁的线程，因为当优先队列没有元素时，线程会wait以节约资源。

java.util.TimerThread#mainLoop是执行任务的主要方法

进入java.util.TimerThread#run再进入java.util.TimerThread#mainLoop

/**
     * The main timer loop.  (See class comment.)
     */
    private void mainLoop() {
        while (true) {
            try {
                TimerTask task;
                boolean taskFired;
                synchronized(queue) {
                    // Wait for queue to become non-empty
                    while (queue.isEmpty() && newTasksMayBeScheduled)
                        queue.wait();
                    if (queue.isEmpty())
                        break; // Queue is empty and will forever remain; die

                    // Queue nonempty; look at first evt and do the right thing
                    long currentTime, executionTime;
                    task = queue.getMin();
                    synchronized(task.lock) {
                        if (task.state == TimerTask.CANCELLED) {
                            queue.removeMin();
                            continue;  // No action required, poll queue again
                        }
                        currentTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
                        executionTime = task.nextExecutionTime;
                        if (taskFired = (executionTime<=currentTime)) {
                            if (task.period == 0) { // Non-repeating, remove
                                queue.removeMin();
                                task.state = TimerTask.EXECUTED;
                            } else { // Repeating task, reschedule
                                queue.rescheduleMin(
                                  task.period<0 ? currentTime   - task.period
                                                : executionTime + task.period);
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    if (!taskFired) // Task hasn't yet fired; wait
                        queue.wait(executionTime - currentTime);
                }
                if (taskFired)  // Task fired; run it, holding no locks
                    task.run();
            } catch(InterruptedException e) {
            }
        }
    }

该方法主要获得一个最近执行的任务，先判断该任务的类型。当该任务是执行一次，则从优先队列中删除，否则更新下一次执行时间，更新优先队列。该任务队列是阻塞的。当任务队列无数据时，挂起TimerThread线程，或者判断下一个任务执行时间挂起executionTime - currentTime秒。

当任务执行完后，该循环并不会退出，需要把上面循环中判断的newTasksMayBeScheduled置为false，所以退出线程需要执行java.util.Timer#cancel方法。

/**
     * Terminates this timer, discarding any currently scheduled tasks.
     * Does not interfere with a currently executing task (if it exists).
     * Once a timer has been terminated, its execution thread terminates
     * gracefully, and no more tasks may be scheduled on it.
     *
     * <p>Note that calling this method from within the run method of a
     * timer task that was invoked by this timer absolutely guarantees that
     * the ongoing task execution is the last task execution that will ever
     * be performed by this timer.
     *
     * <p>This method may be called repeatedly; the second and subsequent
     * calls have no effect.
     */
    public void cancel() {
        synchronized(queue) {
            thread.newTasksMayBeScheduled = false;
            queue.clear();
            queue.notify();  // In case queue was already empty.
        }
    }

总结：

1.当目前没有任务执行时，调用wait（）方法挂起线程以节约资源。

2.优先队列维护最近执行的任务