Python中matplotlib库的基本使用

一、绘制简单折线图

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import random

"""
matplotlib入门（绘制折线图）
"""
x = range(0, 24, 2)
print(list(x))
y = [random.randint(23, 34) for num in range(0, 12)]
plt.plot(x, y)  # 绘制图形
plt.show()

二、绘制折线图并设置刻度

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import random

"""
matplotlib设置刻度
"""
x = range(0, 24, 2)
y = [random.randint(23, 34) for num in range(0, 12)]

plt.figure(figsize=(10, 8), dpi=80)  # 设置图片的大小和清晰度
plt.plot(x, y)
plt.xticks(x)  # 设置x的刻度
# plt.xticks(x[::2])
plt.show()

三、设置坐标轴别名

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from matplotlib import font_manager
import numpy as np

"""
设置横坐标值中文显示
"""
fm = font_manager.FontProperties(fname=r'C:\Windows\Fonts\simkai.ttf')  # 设置中文字体路径
x = np.arange(1, 6)
xticks = ['比较小', '小', '中', '大', '比较大']
y = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
plt.plot(x, y)
plt.xticks(x, xticks, fontproperties=fm)
plt.show()

四、添加图像描述信息

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from matplotlib import font_manager
import numpy as np

"""
添加图像描述信息（x轴、y轴别名，图像名等）
"""

x = np.arange(1, 6)
xticks = ['比较小', '小', '中', '大', '比较大']
y = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
plt.plot(x, y)
fm = font_manager.FontProperties(fname=r'C:\Windows\Fonts\simkai.ttf')
plt.xticks(x, xticks, fontproperties=fm)
# 设置坐标轴描述信息
plt.xlabel('x轴', fontproperties=fm)
plt.ylabel('y轴', fontproperties=fm)
# 设置图像标题
plt.title(label='线形图', fontproperties=fm)
plt.show()

五、绘制多个折线图

from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
from matplotlib import font_manager

x = [i for i in range(11, 31)]
y1 = [1, 0, 1, 1, 2, 4, 3, 2, 3, 4, 4, 5, 6, 5, 4, 3, 3, 1, 1, 1]
y2 = [1, 0, 3, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 2, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]

"""
绘制多个折线图
"""
fm = font_manager.FontProperties(fname=r'C:\Windows\Fonts\simkai.ttf')
xticks = [year for year in x]  # 设置x轴间隔
plt.plot(x, y1)  # 绘制(x, y1)的折线图
plt.plot(x, y2)  # 绘制(x, y2)的折线图
plt.xticks(x, xticks, fontproperties=fm)
plt.title(label='折线图', fontproperties=fm)
plt.xlabel(xlabel='岁数', fontproperties=fm)
plt.ylabel(ylabel='个数', fontproperties=fm)
plt.show()

六、自定义绘制图形风格

from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
from matplotlib import font_manager

x = [i for i in range(11, 31)]  # 岁数
y1 = [1, 0, 1, 1, 2, 4, 3, 2, 3, 4, 4, 5, 6, 5, 4, 3, 3, 1, 1, 1]  # 个数
y2 = [1, 0, 3, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 2, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]

"""
自定义绘制图形风格
"""
fm = font_manager.FontProperties(fname=r'C:\Windows\Fonts\simkai.ttf')
xticks = [year for year in x]  # 设置x轴间隔
plt.plot(x, y1, color='red', linestyle='--', linewidth=2, alpha=0.5)  # alpha定义线条透明度
# plt.plot(x, y2, color='black', linestyle='-.')
# plt.plot(x, y2, color='black', linestyle=':')
plt.plot(x, y2, color='black', linestyle='-.')
plt.xticks(x, xticks, fontproperties=fm)
plt.title(label='交叉折线图', fontproperties=fm)
plt.show()

七、为线条添加图例

from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
from matplotlib import font_manager

x = [i for i in range(11, 31)]  # 岁数
y1 = [1, 0, 1, 1, 2, 4, 3, 2, 3, 4, 4, 5, 6, 5, 4, 3, 3, 1, 1, 1]  # 个数
y2 = [1, 0, 3, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 2, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]

"""
为线条添加图例(设置线条名称)
"""
fm = font_manager.FontProperties(fname=r'C:\Windows\Fonts\simkai.ttf')
xticks = [year for year in x]  # 设置x轴间隔
plt.plot(x, y1, color='red', linestyle='--', label='红色')
plt.plot(x, y2, color='black', linestyle='--', label='黑色')
plt.legend(prop=fm, loc='best')
plt.xticks(x, xticks, fontproperties=fm)
plt.title(label='交叉折线图', fontproperties=fm)
plt.show()

八、为图像点添加文本注释

from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
from matplotlib import font_manager

x = [i for i in range(11, 31)]  # 岁数
y1 = [1, 0, 1, 1, 2, 4, 3, 2, 3, 4, 4, 5, 6, 5, 4, 3, 3, 1, 1, 1]  # 个数
y2 = [1, 0, 3, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 2, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]

"""
为图像点添加文本注释，需指定坐标
"""
fm = font_manager.FontProperties(fname=r'C:\Windows\Fonts\simkai.ttf')
xticks = [year for year in x]  # 设置x轴间隔
plt.plot(x, y1, color='red', linestyle='--', label='红色')
plt.plot(x, y2, color='black', linestyle='--', label='黑色')
plt.legend(prop=fm, loc='best')
plt.annotate('红色最大值', xy=(24, 6), fontproperties=fm)
plt.annotate('黑色最大值', xy=(13, 3), fontproperties=fm)
plt.xticks(x, xticks)
plt.title(label='交叉折线图', fontproperties=fm)
plt.show()

九、绘制散点图

from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
from matplotlib import font_manager

"""
绘制散点图
"""
fm = font_manager.FontProperties(fname=r'C:\Windows\Fonts\simkai.ttf')
a = [11, 17, 16, 11, 12, 11, 12, 6, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 15, 14, 17, 18, 21, 16, 17, 20, 14, 15, 15, 15, 19, 21, 22, 22, 22,
     23]
b = [26, 26, 28, 19, 21, 17, 16, 19, 18, 20, 20, 19, 22, 23, 17, 20, 21, 20, 22, 15, 11, 15, 5, 13, 17, 10, 11, 13, 12,
     13, 6]
three_month = [i for i in range(1, 32)]
ten_month = [i for i in range(1, 32)]
plt.scatter(x=a, y=three_month, label='三月')
plt.scatter(x=b, y=ten_month, label='十月')
plt.legend(prop=fm, loc='best')
plt.show()

十、绘制条形图

from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
from matplotlib import font_manager

"""
绘制条形图
"""
fm = font_manager.FontProperties(fname=r'C:\Windows\Fonts\simkai.ttf')
movie = ["战狼2", "速度与激情8", "功夫瑜伽", "西游伏妖篇", "变形金刚5：最后的骑士", "摔跤吧！爸爸", "加勒比海盗5：死无对证", "金刚：骷髅岛", "极限特工：终极回归", "生化危机6：终章",
         "乘风破浪", "神偷奶爸3", "智取威虎山", "大闹天竺", "金刚狼3：殊死一战", "蜘蛛侠：英雄归来", "悟空传", "银河护卫队2", "情圣", "新木乃伊", ]
movie_ = range(len(movie))
money = [56.01, 26.94, 17.53, 16.49, 15.45, 12.96, 11.8, 11.61, 11.28, 11.12, 10.49, 10.3, 8.75, 7.55, 7.32, 6.99, 6.88,
         6.86, 6.58, 6.23]
plt.bar(movie_, money, width=0.5, color='skyblue')
plt.xticks(movie_, movie, fontproperties=fm, rotation=90)  # rotation设置文字旋转
plt.show()

十一、条形图分类

from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
from matplotlib import font_manager

"""
条形图分类
"""
fm = font_manager.FontProperties(fname=r'C:\Windows\Fonts\simkai.ttf')
a = ["猩球崛起3：终极之战", "敦刻尔克", "蜘蛛侠：英雄归来", "战狼2"]
x = range(len(a))
b_14 = [2358, 399, 2358, 362]
b_15 = [12357, 156, 2045, 168]
b_16 = [15746, 312, 4497, 319]
val = 0.2
plt.bar(x, b_14, width=0.2, label='9月14')
plt.bar([i + val for i in x], b_15, width=0.2, label='9月15')
plt.bar([i + val * 2 for i in x], b_16, width=0.2, label='9月16')
plt.legend(prop=fm)
plt.xticks([i + val for i in x], a, fontproperties=fm)
plt.show()

十二、绘制直方图

from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
from matplotlib import font_manager

"""
绘制直方图
"""
fm = font_manager.FontProperties(fname=r'C:\Windows\Fonts\simkai.ttf')
a = [131, 98, 125, 131, 124, 139, 131, 117, 128, 108, 135, 138, 131, 102, 107, 114, 119, 128, 121, 142, 127, 130, 124,
     101, 110, 116, 117, 110, 128, 128, 115, 99, 136, 126, 134, 95, 138, 117, 111, 78, 132, 124, 113, 150, 110, 117, 86,
     95, 144, 105, 126, 130, 126, 130, 126, 116, 123, 106, 112, 138, 123, 86, 101, 99, 136, 123, 117, 119, 105, 137,
     123, 128, 125, 104, 109, 134, 125, 127, 105, 120, 107, 129, 116, 108, 132, 103, 136, 118, 102, 120, 114, 105, 115,
     132, 145, 119, 121, 112, 139, 125, 138, 109, 132, 134, 156, 106, 117, 127, 144, 139, 139, 119, 140, 83, 110, 102,
     123, 107, 143, 115, 136, 118, 139, 123, 112, 118, 125, 109, 119, 133, 112, 114, 122, 109, 106, 123, 116, 131, 127,
     115, 118, 112, 135, 115, 146, 137, 116, 103, 144, 83, 123, 111, 110, 111, 100, 154, 136, 100, 118, 119, 133, 134,
     106, 129, 126, 110, 111, 109, 141, 120, 117, 106, 149, 122, 122, 110, 118, 127, 121, 114, 125, 126, 114, 140, 103,
     130, 141, 117, 106, 114, 121, 114, 133, 137, 92, 121, 112, 146, 97, 137, 105, 98, 117, 112, 81, 97, 139, 113, 134,
     106, 144, 110, 137, 137, 111, 104, 117, 100, 111, 101, 110, 105, 129, 137, 112, 120, 113, 133, 112, 83, 94, 146,
     133, 101, 131, 116, 111, 84, 137, 115, 122, 106, 144, 109, 123, 116, 111, 111, 133, 150]
space = 3  # 设置间隔
group_num = int((max(a) - min(a)) / space)  # 设置组数
plt.hist(a, group_num)
plt.xticks(list(range(min(a), max(a) + 1))[::space], rotation=45)
plt.grid(True, linestyle='-.', alpha=0.5)  # 设置分割线
plt.show()