对字符串进行操作

创建字符串是通过一对双引号“”或使用函数as.character()来完成的。

> string<-c("one","two","three")
> string
[1] "one"   "two"   "three"
> as.character(1:3)
[1] "1" "2" "3"

函数noquote（）可用来抑制R的输出结果中双引号的显示。
> noquote(string)
[1] one   two   three

函数sQuote（）和dQuote用来显示不同样式的引号
> sQuote(string)
[1] "‘one’"   "‘two’"   "‘three’"
> dQuote(string)
[1] "“one”"   "“two”"   "“three”"

函数nchar（）计算一个字符串中字符的数目，它可对一个字符串向量进行操作
> string1<-c("a","ab","B","bba","one","!@","brute")
> nchar(string1)
[1] 1 2 1 3 3 2 5
> string1[nchar(string1)>2]
[1] "bba"   "one"   "brute"

命令letters和LETTERS分别返回26个小写和大写的拉丁字母
> letters
 [1] "a" "b" "c" "d" "e" "f" "g" "h" "i" "j" "k" "l" "m" "n" "o" "p" "q" "r"
[19] "s" "t" "u" "v" "w" "x" "y" "z"
> LETTERS
 [1] "A" "B" "C" "D" "E" "F" "G" "H" "I" "J" "K" "L" "M" "N" "O" "P" "Q" "R"
[19] "S" "T" "U" "V" "W" "X" "Y" "Z"

函数paste（）用于连接若干个字符串。
> string2<-c("e","D")
> paste(string1,string2)
[1] "a e"     "ab D"    "B e"     "bba D"   "one e"   "!@ D"    "brute e"
> paste(string1,string2,sep="-")
[1] "a-e"     "ab-D"    "B-e"     "bba-D"   "one-e"   "!@-D"    "brute-e"
> paste(string1,string2,collapse = "",sep="")##collapse可用来实现将字符串向量中的元素连接成          单个字符串
[1] "aeabDBebbaDonee!@Dbrutee"

函数strstring()用来从一个字符串中提取子字符串
> substring("abcdef",first=1:3,last=2:4)
[1] "ab" "bc" "cd"
> ?substring
> substring("abcdef",first=1,last=5)
[1] "abcde"

函数strsplit（）用于分裂一个字符串
> strsplit(c("05 jan","06 feb"),split=" ")
[[1]]
[1] "05"  "jan"

[[2]]
[1] "06"  "feb"


函数grep（）用来在字符串向量中搜寻某一种模式，他返回字符串向量中包含这一模式的元素的位置索引。
> grep("i",c("pierre","benoit","rems"))
[1] 1 2

函数gsub（）将字符串向量中所有元素中具有某一模式的部分以另外一个字符（串）进行替换。
> gsub("i","L",c("pierre","benoit","rems"))
[1] "pLerre" "benoLt" "rems"  

函数sub（）仅替换第一个具有特定模式的字符串中的那一部分。
> sub("r","L",c("pierre","benoit","rems"))
[1] "pieLre" "benoit" "Lems"  

函数tolower（）和toupper（）可分别用来将一个字符串强制变为小写或大写形式。
> tolower("loWER")
[1] "lower"
> toupper("UPper")
[1] "UPPER"