matplotlib 使用

 matplotlib 的使用

（使用手册下载：  https://download.csdn.net/download/ygyoe/10286711 ）

1. pyplot和pylab的区别 

pyplot模块提供了一套和MATLAB类似的绘图API。pylab模块，包括了许多NumPy和pyplot模块中常用的函数，方便用户快速进行计算和绘图。可以从pylab的源码中看出来：

2. pyplot模块里的函数

 2.1  函数汇总

（详见  https://matplotlib.org/api/pyplot_summary.html）

函数	说明
acorr(x[, hold, data])	Plot the autocorrelation of x.
angle_spectrum(x[, Fs, Fc, window, pad_to, …])	Plot the angle spectrum. 画角谱图（信号处理，光学）
annotate(*args, **kwargs)	Annotate the point xy with text s.  给图片添加注释（可指定被注释的位置，用于注释的字符串位置）
arrow(x, y, dx, dy[, hold])	Add an arrow to the axes. 给坐标轴添加箭头
autoscale([enable, axis, tight])	Autoscale the axis view to the data (toggle).
autumn()	Set the colormap to “autumn”. 将colormap设置成autumn
axes([arg])	Add an axes to the current figure and make it the current axes.
axhline([y, xmin, xmax, hold])	Add a horizontal line across the axis. 沿着坐标轴添加一条水平线
axhspan(ymin, ymax[, xmin, xmax, hold])	Add a horizontal span (rectangle) across the axis. 沿着坐标轴添加一条水平矩形
axis(*v, **kwargs)	Convenience method to get or set axis properties.
axvline([x, ymin, ymax, hold])	Add a vertical line across the axes. 沿着坐标轴添加一条竖直线条
axvspan(xmin, xmax[, ymin, ymax, hold])	Add a vertical span (rectangle) across the axes. 沿着坐标轴添加一条竖直矩形
bar(*args, **kwargs)	Make a bar plot. 绘制bar
barbs(*args, **kw)	Plot a 2-D field of barbs.
barh(*args, **kwargs)	Make a horizontal bar plot. 绘制水平bar
bone()	Set the colormap to “bone”. 将colormap设置成bone
box([on])	Turn the axes box on or off.
boxplot(x[, notch, sym, vert, whis, …])	Make a box and whisker plot.
broken_barh(xranges, yrange[, hold, data])	Plot a horizontal sequence of rectangles.
cla()	Clear the current axes. 清除当前坐标
clabel(CS, *args, **kwargs)	Label a contour plot.
clf()	Clear the current figure. 清除当前图像（用一个figure连续绘制不同图时可能会用到）
clim([vmin, vmax])	Set the color limits of the current image.
close(*args)	Close a figure window.
cohere(x, y[, NFFT, Fs, Fc, detrend, …])	Plot the coherence between x and y.
colorbar([mappable, cax, ax])	Add a colorbar to a plot. 添加colorbar
colors()	.
connect(s, func)	Connect event with string s to func.
contour(*args, **kwargs)	Plot contours. 绘制contour图（与MATLAB中的类似）
contourf(*args, **kwargs)	Plot contours.
cool()	Set the colormap to “cool”.
copper()	Set the colormap to “copper”.
csd(x, y[, NFFT, Fs, Fc, detrend, window, …])	Plot the cross-spectral density.
delaxes([ax])	Remove the given Axes ax from the current figure.
disconnect(cid)	Disconnect callback id cid
draw()	Redraw the current figure.
errorbar(x, y[, yerr, xerr, fmt, ecolor, …])	Plot y versus x as lines and/or markers with attached errorbars.
eventplot(positions[, orientation, …])	Plot identical parallel lines at the given positions.
figimage(*args, **kwargs)	Adds a non-resampled image to the figure.
figlegend(*args, **kwargs)	Place a legend in the figure.
fignum_exists(num)
figtext(*args, **kwargs)	Add text to figure.
figure([num, figsize, dpi, facecolor, …])	Creates a new figure.
fill(*args, **kwargs)	Plot filled polygons.
fill_between(x, y1[, y2, where, …])	Fill the area between two horizontal curves.
fill_betweenx(y, x1[, x2, where, step, …])	Fill the area between two vertical curves.
findobj([o, match, include_self])	Find artist objects.
flag()	Set the colormap to “flag”.
gca(**kwargs)	Get the current Axes instance on the current figure matching the given keyword args, or create one.
gcf()	Get a reference to the current figure.
gci()	Get the current colorable artist.
get_current_fig_manager()
get_figlabels()	Return a list of existing figure labels.
get_fignums()	Return a list of existing figure numbers.
get_plot_commands()	Get a sorted list of all of the plotting commands.
ginput(*args, **kwargs)	Blocking call to interact with a figure.
gray()	Set the colormap to “gray”. 将colorbar设置成gray
grid([b, which, axis])	Turn the axes grids on or off.
hexbin(x, y[, C, gridsize, bins, xscale, …])	Make a hexagonal binning plot.
hist(x[, bins, range, density, weights, …])	Plot a histogram.
hist2d(x, y[, bins, range, normed, weights, …])	Make a 2D histogram plot.
hlines(y, xmin, xmax[, colors, linestyles, …])	Plot horizontal lines at each y from xmin to xmax.
hold([b])	.
hot()	Set the colormap to “hot”.
hsv()	Set the colormap to “hsv”.
imread(*args, **kwargs)	Read an image from a file into an array.
imsave(*args, **kwargs)	Save an array as in image file.
imshow(X[, cmap, norm, aspect, …])	Display an image on the axes.
inferno()	Set the colormap to “inferno”.
install_repl_displayhook()	Install a repl display hook so that any stale figure are automatically redrawn when control is returned to the repl.
ioff()	Turn interactive mode off. 交互模式关
ion()	Turn interactive mode on. 设置交互模式开
ishold()	.
isinteractive()	Return status of interactive mode.
jet()	Set the colormap to “jet”.
legend(*args, **kwargs)	Places a legend on the axes. 添加legend
locator_params([axis, tight])	Control behavior of tick locators.
loglog(*args, **kwargs)	Make a plot with log scaling on both the x and y axis.
magma()	Set the colormap to “magma”.
magnitude_spectrum(x[, Fs, Fc, window, …])	Plot the magnitude spectrum.
margins(*args, **kw)	Set or retrieve autoscaling margins.
matshow(A[, fignum])	Display an array as a matrix in a new figure window.
minorticks_off()	Remove minor ticks from the current plot.
minorticks_on()	Display minor ticks on the current plot.
nipy_spectral()	Set the colormap to “nipy_spectral”.
over(func, *args, **kwargs)	.
pause(interval)	Pause for interval seconds. figure显示interval 秒再进行下面的操作
pcolor(*args, **kwargs)	Create a pseudocolor plot of a 2-D array.
pcolormesh(*args, **kwargs)	Plot a quadrilateral mesh.
phase_spectrum(x[, Fs, Fc, window, pad_to, …])	Plot the phase spectrum.
pie(x[, explode, labels, colors, autopct, …])	Plot a pie chart.
pink()	Set the colormap to “pink”.
plasma()	Set the colormap to “plasma”.
plot(*args, **kwargs)	Plot y versus x as lines and/or markers.
plot_date(x, y[, fmt, tz, xdate, ydate, …])	Plot data that contains dates.
plotfile(fname[, cols, plotfuncs, comments, …])	Plot the data in a file.
polar(*args, **kwargs)	Make a polar plot.
prism()	Set the colormap to “prism”.
psd(x[, NFFT, Fs, Fc, detrend, window, …])	Plot the power spectral density.
quiver(*args, **kw)	Plot a 2-D field of arrows.
quiverkey(*args, **kw)	Add a key to a quiver plot.
rc(*args, **kwargs)	Set the current rc params. 设置rc参数
rc_context([rc, fname])	Return a context manager for managing rc settings.
rcdefaults()	Restore the rc params from Matplotlib’s internal defaults.
rgrids(*args, **kwargs)	Get or set the radial gridlines on a polar plot.
savefig(*args, **kwargs)	Save the current figure.
sca(ax)	Set the current Axes instance to ax.
scatter(x, y[, s, c, marker, cmap, norm, …])	A scatter plot of y vs x with varying marker size and/or color.
sci(im)	Set the current image.
semilogx(*args, **kwargs)	Make a plot with log scaling on the x axis.
semilogy(*args, **kwargs)	Make a plot with log scaling on the y axis.
set_cmap(cmap)	Set the default colormap.
setp(*args, **kwargs)	Set a property on an artist object.
show(*args, **kw)	Display a figure.
specgram(x[, NFFT, Fs, Fc, detrend, window, …])	Plot a spectrogram.
spectral()	Set the colormap to “spectral”.
spring()	Set the colormap to “spring”.
spy(Z[, precision, marker, markersize, aspect])	Plot the sparsity pattern on a 2-D array.
stackplot(x, *args, **kwargs)	Draws a stacked area plot.
stem(*args, **kwargs)	Create a stem plot.
step(x, y, *args, **kwargs)	Make a step plot.
streamplot(x, y, u, v[, density, linewidth, …])	Draws streamlines of a vector flow.
subplot(*args, **kwargs)	Return a subplot axes at the given grid position.
subplot2grid(shape, loc[, rowspan, colspan, fig])	Create an axis at specific location inside a regular grid.
subplot_tool([targetfig])	Launch a subplot tool window for a figure.
subplots([nrows, ncols, sharex, sharey, …])	Create a figure and a set of subplots
subplots_adjust(*args, **kwargs)	Tune the subplot layout.
summer()	Set the colormap to “summer”.
suptitle(*args, **kwargs)	Add a centered title to the figure.
switch_backend(newbackend)	Switch the default backend.
table(**kwargs)	Add a table to the current axes.
text(x, y, s[, fontdict, withdash])	Add text to the axes.
thetagrids(*args, **kwargs)	Get or set the theta locations of the gridlines in a polar plot.
tick_params([axis])	Change the appearance of ticks, tick labels, and gridlines.
ticklabel_format(**kwargs)	Change the ScalarFormatter used by default for linear axes.
tight_layout([pad, h_pad, w_pad, rect])	Automatically adjust subplot parameters to give specified padding.
title(s, *args, **kwargs)	Set a title of the current axes.
tricontour(*args, **kwargs)	Draw contours on an unstructured triangular grid.
tricontourf(*args, **kwargs)	Draw contours on an unstructured triangular grid.
tripcolor(*args, **kwargs)	Create a pseudocolor plot of an unstructured triangular grid.
triplot(*args, **kwargs)	Draw a unstructured triangular grid as lines and/or markers.
twinx([ax])	Make a second axes that shares the x-axis.
twiny([ax])	Make a second axes that shares the y-axis.
uninstall_repl_displayhook()	Uninstalls the matplotlib display hook.
violinplot(dataset[, positions, vert, …])	Make a violin plot.
viridis()	Set the colormap to “viridis”.
vlines(x, ymin, ymax[, colors, linestyles, …])	Plot vertical lines.
waitforbuttonpress(*args, **kwargs)	Blocking call to interact with the figure.
winter()	Set the colormap to “winter”.
xcorr(x, y[, normed, detrend, usevlines, …])	Plot the cross correlation between x and y.
xkcd([scale, length, randomness])	Turns on xkcd sketch-style drawing mode.
xlabel(s, *args, **kwargs)	Set the x axis label of the current axis.
xlim(*args, **kwargs)	Get or set the x limits of the current axes.
xscale(*args, **kwargs)	Set the scaling of the x-axis.
xticks(*args, **kwargs)	Get or set the x-limits of the current tick locations and labels.
ylabel(s, *args, **kwargs)	Set the y axis label of the current axis.
ylim(*args, **kwargs)	Get or set the y-limits of the current axes.
yscale(*args, **kwargs)	Set the scaling of the y-axis.
yticks(*args, **kwargs)	Get or set the y-limits of the current tick locations and labels.

 2.2  确定坐标范围

axis()命令给定了坐标范围 ：

plt.axis([xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax])

2.3 文本函数

• plt.xticks()/plt.yticks()  设置坐标轴的刻度显示的值。
• plt.legend()  添加图例
• text() - add text at an arbitrary location to the Axes; matplotlib.axes.Axes.text() in the API.
• xlabel() - add a label to the x-axis; matplotlib.axes.Axes.set_xlabel() in the API.
• ylabel() - add a label to the y-axis; matplotlib.axes.Axes.set_ylabel() in the API.
• title() - add a title to the Axes; matplotlib.axes.Axes.set_title() in the API.
• figtext() - add text at an arbitrary location to the Figure; matplotlib.figure.Figure.text() in the API.
• suptitle() - add a title to the Figure; matplotlib.figure.Figure.suptitle() in the API.

• annotate() - add an annotation, with optional arrow, to the Axes ; matplotlib.axes.Axes.annotate() in the API.参数xy表示的标注位置和xytext表示的文本位置。 这两个参数都是(x, y)元组。

举例如下： 

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

 

fig = plt.figure()

fig.suptitle('bold figure suptitle', fontsize=14, fontweight='bold')

 

ax = fig.add_subplot(111)

fig.subplots_adjust(top=0.85)

ax.set_title('axes title')

 

ax.set_xlabel('xlabel')

ax.set_ylabel('ylabel')

 

ax.text(3, 8, 'boxed italics text in data coords', style='italic',

        bbox={'facecolor':'red', 'alpha':0.5, 'pad':10})

 

ax.text(2, 6, r'an equation: $E=mc^2$', fontsize=15)

 

ax.text(3, 2, u'unicode: Institut f\374r Festk\366rperphysik')

 

ax.text(0.95, 0.01, 'colored text in axes coords',

        verticalalignment='bottom', horizontalalignment='right',

        transform=ax.transAxes,

        color='green', fontsize=15)

 

 

ax.plot([2], [1], 'o')

ax.annotate('annotate', xy=(2, 1), xytext=(3, 4),

            arrowprops=dict(facecolor='black', shrink=0.05))

 

ax.axis([0, 10, 0, 10])

plt.show()

 

2.4 保存图片savefig

 利用plt.savefig可以将当前图表保存到文件。例如：

Plt.savefig(‘figpath.svg’,dpi = 400, bbox_inches = ‘tight’ )

选项：

Fname： 含有路径的字符串或python文件型对象。.pdf,.png根据扩展名推断得出。

dpi:         图像分辨率（每英寸点数），默认为100

facecolor，edgecolor： 图像的背景色，默认为‘w’（白色）

format： 显式设置文件格式（‘png’，‘pdf’，‘svg’，‘ps’，‘eps’…）

bbox_inches：图表需要保存的部分。如果设置为‘tight’，则尝试剪除图表周围的空白部分。

2.5 采用对数坐标

举例如下：

plt.xscale('log')

plt.yscale('linear')

plt.yscale('log')

plt.yscale('logit')

plt.yscale('symlog', linthreshy=0.05)

 3. 属性

3.1 可用属性汇总

下面是可用的Line2D属性（https://www.jianshu.com/p/c495e663f0ed）：

属性	值类型
alpha	浮点值
animated	[True / False]
antialiased or aa	[True / False]
clip_box	matplotlib.transform.Bbox实例
clip_on	[True / False]
clip_path	Path实例，Transform，以及Patch实例
color or c	任何matplotlib颜色
contains	命中测试函数
dash_capstyle	['butt' / 'round' / 'projecting']
dash_joinstyle	['miter' / 'round' / 'bevel']
dashes	以点为单位的连接/断开墨水序列
data	(np.array xdata, np.array ydata)
figure	matplotlib.figure.Figure实例
label	任何字符串
linestyle or ls	[ '-' / '--' / '-.' / ':' / 'steps' / ...]
linewidth or lw	以点为单位的浮点值
lod	[True / False]
marker	[ '+' / ',' / '.' / '1' / '2' / '3' / '4' ]
markeredgecolor or mec	任何matplotlib颜色
markeredgewidth or mew	以点为单位的浮点值
markerfacecolor or mfc	任何matplotlib颜色
markersize or ms	浮点值
markevery	[ None / 整数值 / (startind, stride) ]
picker	用于交互式线条选择
pickradius	线条的拾取选择半径
solid_capstyle	['butt' / 'round' / 'projecting']
solid_joinstyle	['miter' / 'round' / 'bevel']
transform	matplotlib.transforms.Transform实例
visible	[True / False]
xdata	np.array
ydata	np.array
zorder	任何数值

 更多内容参考官方文档: https://matplotlib.org/api/pyplot_api.html#matplotlib.pyplot.plot 

3.2 线条风格

线条风格linestyle或ls	描述	线条风格linestyle或ls	描述
‘-‘	实线	‘:’	虚线
‘–‘	破折线	‘None’,’ ‘,”	什么都不画
‘-.’	点划线

3.3 线条标记

标记maker	描述	标记	描述
‘o’	圆圈	‘.’	点
‘D’	菱形	‘s’	正方形
‘h’	六边形1	‘*’	星号
‘H’	六边形2	‘d’	小菱形
‘_’	水平线	‘v’	一角朝下的三角形
‘8’	八边形	‘	一角朝左的三角形
‘p’	五边形	‘>’	一角朝右的三角形
‘,’	像素	‘^’	一角朝上的三角形
‘+’	加号	‘	竖线
‘None’,”,’ ‘	无	‘x’	X

3.4 颜色设置

可以通过调用matplotlib.pyplot.colors()得到matplotlib支持的所有颜色。

别名	颜色	别名	颜色
b	蓝色	g	绿色
r	红色	y	黄色
c	青色	k	黑色
m	洋红色	w	白色

如果颜色不够用，还可以通过如下3种其他方式来定义颜色值：

• 使用HTML十六进制字符串 color='eeefff'
• 使用合法的HTML颜色名字（’red’,’chartreuse’等）。
• 也可以传入一个归一化到[0,1]的RGB元祖。 color=(0.3,0.3,0.4)

很多方法可以添加颜色参数，例如：

plt.tilte('Title in a custom color',color='#123456'）

3.2 背景色

通过设定axisbg参数，可以设定背景色，如：

subplot(111, axisbg=(0.1843,0.3098,0.3098))