python爬虫必备，自建ip代理池，不惧封ip。

最新推荐文章于 2024-09-09 21:48:30 发布

yingpu618

最新推荐文章于 2024-09-09 21:48:30 发布

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文章标签：数据库 python 大数据数据分析

原文链接：https://www.toutiao.com/i6817633422140244488/

版权

为什么要使用代理IP

在爬虫的过程中，很多网站会采取反爬虫技术，其中最经常使用的就是限制一个IP的访问次数。当你本地的IP地址被该网站封禁后，可能就需要换一个代理来爬虫。无私分享全套Python爬虫干货，如果你也想学习Python，@ 私信小编获取

开发思路

1、通过本地IP抓取第一批启动代理IP

我们从代理IP网站抓取代理IP的过程本身就是爬虫，如果短时间内请求次数过多会被网站禁止访问，因此我们需要利用本地IP去抓取第一批代理IP，然后使用代理IP去抓取新的代理IP。

2、对第一批启动的代理IP验证有效性后存入数据库

我们在数据库IP.db下建了两个表：proxy_ip_table（存储所有抓取的IP，用于查看抓取IP功能是否正常）和validation_ip_table（存储所有通过验证的IP，用于查看IP有效性）

第一步中获取的代理IP经检验后存入validation_ip_table，检验的实现如下：

def ip_validation(self, ip):
 #判断是否高匿:非高匿的ip仍会出卖你的真实ip
 anonymity_flag = False
 if "高匿" in str(ip):
 anonymity_flag = True
 IP = str(ip[0]) + ":" + str(ip[1]);IP
 url = "http://httpbin.org/get" ##测试代理IP功能的网站
 proxies = { "https" : "https://" + IP} #为什么要用https而不用http我也不清楚
 headers = FakeHeaders().random_headers_for_validation()
 #判断是否可用
 validation_flag = True
 response = None
 try:
 response = requests.get(url = url, headers = headers, proxies = proxies, timeout = 5)
 except:
 validation_flag = False
 if response is None :
 validation_flag = False
 
 if anonymity_flag and validation_flag:
 return True
 else:
 return False

3、构建待访问的网址列表并循环抓取，每次抓取的ip_list经验证后存入数据库表

我们构建了待访问的网址列表

self.URLs = [ "https://www.xicidaili.com/nn/%d" % (index + 1) for index in range(100)]

包含的模块

1、RandomHeaders.py

构造随机请求头，用于模拟不同的网络浏览器，调用方式：

包含的模块

1、RandomHeaders.py

构造随机请求头，用于模拟不同的网络浏览器，调用方式：

from RandomHeaders import FakeHeaders
#返回请求xici代理网站的请求头
xici_headers = FakeHeaders().random_headers_for_xici

2、DatabaseTable.py

提供数据库的创建表和增删查功能，调用方式：

from DatabaseTable import IPPool
tablename = "proxy_ip_table"
#tablename也可以是validation_ip_table
IPPool(tablename).create() #创建表
IPPool(tablename).select(random_flag = False）
# random_flag = True时返回一条随机记录，否则返回全部记录
IPPool(table_name).delete(delete_all = True) #删除全部记录

3、GetProxyIP.py

核心代码，有几个函数可以实现不同的功能：

从0开始完成建表、抓取IP和存入数据库的功能

from GetProxyIP import Carwl
Crawl().original_run()

当代理IP个数不够的时候，根据url_list列表进行抓取，将合适的IP存入列表

from GetProxyIP import Carwl

#其他提供代理IP的网站

url_kuaidaili = ["https://www.kuaidaili.com/free/inha/%d" % (index + 1) for index in range(10,20)]
Crawl().get_more_run(url_list)

Python爬虫必备：从0到1构建自己的免费爬虫代理IP池

当IP池太久没用时，需要对IP有效性进行验证，不符合要求的IP需要删除

from GetProxyIP import Carwl
Crawl().proxy_ip_validation()

部分代码

1、RandomHeaders.py

提供随机请求头，模仿浏览器访问以应付反爬

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
Created on Tue Jan 29 10:36:28 2019
@author: YANG
功能：生成随机请求头，模拟不同的浏览器访问
"""
import random
from fake_useragent import UserAgent
class FakeHeaders(object):
 """
 生成随机请求头
 """
 def __init__(self):
 self.__UA = [
 "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; Trident/5.0",
 "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 5.1; Maxthon 2.0)",
 "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; Trident/5.0;",
 "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1) Gecko/20070803 Firefox/1.5.0.12",
 "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.11 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/20.0.1132.11 TaoBrowser/2.0 Safari/536.11",
 "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 5.1; The World)",
 "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/64.0.3282.140 Safari/537.36 Edge/17.17134",
 "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 5.1; Avant Browser)",
 "Opera/9.27 (Windows NT 5.2; U; zh-cn)",
 "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; Trident/5.0)",
 "Opera/9.80 (Windows NT 5.1; U; zh-cn) Presto/2.9.168 Version/11.50",
 "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Maxthon/4.9.2.1000 Chrome/39.0.2146.0Safari/537.36",
 "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/50.0.2661.87 Safari/537.36",
 "Opera/9.80 (Windows NT 6.1; U; en) Presto/2.8.131 Version/11.11",
 "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; Trident/5.0; SLCC2; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; Media Center PC 6.0; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E)",
 "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/47.0.2526.106 BIDUBrowser/8.3 Safari/537.36",
 "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; ) Opera/UCWEB7.0.2.37/28/999",
 "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 6.0)",
 "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 6.1; en-us) AppleWebKit/534.50 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/5.1 Safari/534.50",
 "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 5.1; Trident/4.0; SV1; QQDownload 732; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E; 360SE)",
 "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/45.0.2454.101 Safari/537.36",
 "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; rv:46.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/46.0",
 "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/534.57.2 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/5.1.7 Safari/534.57.2",
 "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/42.0.2311.154 Safari/537.36 LBBROWSER",
 "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 5.1) AppleWebKit/537.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/21.0.1180.89 Safari/537.1",
 "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 5.1; rv:5.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/5.0",
 "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/46.0.2486.0 Safari/537.36 Edge/13.10586",
 "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 10.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/6.0)",
 "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 5.1; Trident/4.0; SE 2.X MetaSr 1.0; SE 2.X MetaSr 1.0; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; SE 2.X MetaSr 1.0)",
 "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 5.1; TencentTraveler 4.0)",
 "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/50.0.2661.87 Safari/537.36 OPR/37.0.2178.32",
 "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64; Trident/7.0; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; InfoPath.3; rv:11.0) like Gecko",
 "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/5.0; SLCC2; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; Media Center PC 6.0; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E; LBBROWSER)",
 "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 5.1)",
 "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)",
 "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 8.0; Windows NT 6.0; Trident/4.0)",
 "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 5.1) AppleWebKit/535.11 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/17.0.963.84 Safari/535.11 SE 2.X MetaSr 1.0",
 "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 5.1; 360SE)",
 "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/5.0)",
 "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/47.0.2526.80 Safari/537.36 Core/1.47.277.400 QQBrowser/9.4.7658.400",
 "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; rv:2.0.1) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/4.0.1",
 "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/48.0.2564.116 UBrowser/5.6.12150.8 Safari/537.36",
 "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1) Gecko/20070309 Firefox/2.0.0.3",
 "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64; Trident/7.0; rv:11.0) like Gecko",
 "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 5.1; Trident/4.0; SV1; QQDownload 732; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E; SE 2.X MetaSr 1.0)",
 "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 12.0",
 "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.2) Gecko/2008070208 Firefox/3.0.1",
 "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 5.2) AppleWebKit/534.30 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/12.0.742.122 Safari/534.30",
 "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/67.0.3396.99 Safari/537.36",
 "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 10.0; WOW64; Trident/7.0; Touch; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; Tablet PC 2.0)",
 "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/21.0.1180.71 Safari/537.1 LBBROWSER",
 "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64; rv:38.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/38.0",
 "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 8.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/4.0)",
 "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 5.1; rv:44.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/44.0",
 "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/48.0.2564.116 Safari/537.36 TheWorld 7",
 "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; rv,2.0.1) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/4.0.1",
 "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/38.0.2125.122 Safari/537.36 SE2.X MetaSr 1.0",
 ]
 #UserAgent用户代理，主要提供浏览器类型及版本、操作系统及版本和浏览器内核等信息
 def random_headers_for_xici(self):
 headers = {
 "User-Agent": UserAgent().random, ##随机选择UA
 "Accept-Language": "zh-CN,zh;q=0.9,en-US;q=0.8,en;q=0.7",
 "Accept":"text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8",
 "Accept-Encoding":"gzip, deflate, br",
 "Cache-Control":"max-age=0",
 "Connection":"keep-alive",
 "Host":"www.xicidaili.com",
 "Upgrade-Insecure-Requests":"1"
 }
 return headers
 def random_headers_for_validation(self):
 headers = {
 "Accept": "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8", 
 "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", 
 "Accept-Language": "zh-CN,zh;q=0.9", 
 "Connection": "close", 
 "Host": "httpbin.org", 
 "Upgrade-Insecure-Requests": "1", 
 "User-Agent": UserAgent().random}
 return headers
if __name__ == "__main__":
 print("随机抽取20条headers:")
 for i in range(20):
 print(FakeHeaders().random_headers_for_xici())

2、DatabaseTable.py

提供数据库功能，这里提供了能存储IP的数据库IP.db。

import sqlite3 ##可以在 Python 程序中使用 SQLite 数据库
import time
class IPPool(object):
 ##存储ip的数据库，包括两张表ip_table和all_ip_table
 ##insert和建表语句绑定在一起
 def __init__(self,table_name):
 self.__table_name = table_name
 self.__database_name = "IP.db" ##IPPool对应的数据库为IP.db
 ##初始化类，传入参数table_name

ef create(self):
 conn = sqlite3.connect(self.__database_name, isolation_level = None)
 conn.execute(
 "create table if not exists %s(IP CHAR(20) UNIQUE, PORT INTEGER, ADDRESS CHAR(50), TYPE CHAR(50), PROTOCOL CHAR(50))"
 % self.__table_name)
 print("IP.db数据库下%s表建表成功" % self.__table_name)
 ##建表语句
 
 def insert(self, ip):
 conn = sqlite3.connect(self.__database_name, isolation_level = None)
 #isolation_level是事务隔离级别，默认是需要自己commit才能修改数据库，置为None则自动每次修改都提交
 for one in ip:
 conn.execute(
 "insert or ignore into %s(IP, PORT, ADDRESS, TYPE, PROTOCOL) values (?,?,?,?,?)"
 % (self.__table_name),
 (one[0], one[1], one[2], one[3], one[4]))
 conn.commit() #提交insert 但是已经设置isolaion_level为None，所以应该不需要
 conn.close()
 def select(self,random_flag = False):
 conn = sqlite3.connect(self.__database_name,isolation_level = None)
 ##连接数据库
 cur=conn.cursor()
 #cursor用于接受返回的结果
 
 if random_flag:
 cur.execute(
 "select * from %s order by random() limit 1"
 % self.__table_name)
 result = cur.fetchone()
 #如果是random_flag为T则随机抽取一条记录并返回
 else:
 cur.execute("select * from %s" % self.__table_name)
 result = cur.fetchall()
 cur.close()
 conn.close()
 return result
 
 def delete(self, IP = ('1',1,'1','1','1'), delete_all=False):
 conn = sqlite3.connect(self.__database_name,isolation_level = None)
 if not delete_all:
 n = conn.execute("delete from %s where IP=?" % self.__table_name,
 (IP[0],))
 #逗号不能省，元组元素只有一个的时候一定要加
 print("删除了",n.rowcount,"行记录")
 else:
 n = conn.execute("delete from %s" % self.__table_name)
 print("删除了全部记录，共",n.rowcount,"行")
 conn.close()

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