COS 126 - Union-Find

Union-Find

dynamic connectivity

Given a set of N objects.: Union command and find/connected query.

it like: connected(0,7) or union(5,0)

public class UF
    UF(int N)
    void union(int p, int q)
    boolean connected(int p, int q)

qucik find

Data Structure:

• Integer array id[] of length N.
• Interpretation: p and q are connected iff they have the same id.

union(p ,q): change id[p] equals to id[q] .

find(p, q): just check id[p] equals to id[q] or not.

public class QuickFindUF{
    private int[] id;
    
    public QUickFindUF(int N){
        id = new int[N];
        for (int i =0; i < N; i++)
            id[i] = i;
    }
    
    public boolean connected(int p, int q){
        return id[p] == id[q];
    }
    
    public void union(int p, int q){
        int pid = id[p];
        int qid = id[q];
        
        for (int i = 0; i < N; i++)
            if(id[i] == pid) id[i] = qid;
    }
}

But this function has some disadvantages that union is too expensive. it takes N*N array access to process a sequence of N union commands on N objects.

quick union

Data structure

• Integer array id[] of length N.
• Interpretation: id[i] is parent of i.

Find: Check if p and q have the same root.

Union: TO merge components containing p and q, set the id of p’s root to the id of q’s root.

public class QuickUNionUF{
    private int[] id;
    
    public QuickUnionUF(int N){
        id = new int[N];
        for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) id[i] = i;
    }
    
    public int root(int i){
        while (id[i] != i) return i = id[i];
    }
    
    public boolean connected(int p, int q){
        return root(p) == root(q);
    }
    
    public void union(int p, int q){
        int i = root(p);
        int j = root(q);
        id[i] = j;
    }
}

algorithm	initialize	union	find
quick-find	N	N	1
quick-union	N	N+	N

树的结构让查询和合并都并得复杂，树越高，需要遍历的节点树越多．　对大图来说并不友好．

improvements

Weighted quick-union

在之前的quick-union中，都是把前一棵树加到第二课树下，如果第一颗树本身就很高，这样就会让树更高(每次连接的节点为q or p．)．所以keep track of size of each tree(number of objects) and balance by linking root of smaller tree to root of larger tree.

Find: Identical to quick-union.

Union: Modify quick-union to:

• Link root of smaller tree to root of larger tree.

• Update the sz[] array.

  • int i = root(p);
    int j = root(q);
    if (i == j) return;
    if (sz[i] < sz[j]){
        id[i] = j;
        sz[j] += sz[i];
    }
    else{
        id[j] = j;
        sz[i] += sz[j];
    }
    

algorithm	initialize	union	connected
quick-find	N	N	1
quick-union	N	N+	N
weighted QU	N	lg N+	lg N

another improvement: path compression