软件测试综述

软件测试是软件质量保证的重要手段,是软件工程中不可分割的一个重要组成部分。软件测试是一个程序或系统的执行过程,这个过程不仅仅是发现错误,更主要的,是评测一个程序或系统的品质和性能以判定其是否符合质量要求的所有活动。软件测试涵盖整个软件生命周期全过程,包括需求分析,系统设计,编码开发,交付验收和安装维护等阶段,相应的其工作过程包括测试计划,测试设计,测试执行,测试报告和评估等内容。测试也可以作为一种通用的度量方法, 其重要作用在于软件质量保证、功能的验证和确认,以及产品可靠性的评估等。正确性和可靠性测试是软件测试的两个主要方面,其主要目的在于验证和确认软件质量是否符合用户要求,即验证软件所实现的功能是正确的,同时,确认软件所实现的功能是用户所期望的;其次,软件测试在于发现软件中的缺陷,软件测试过程的重要活动内容是软件缺陷的跟踪和管理。随着测试过程的逐步深入,缺陷的逐步修复,软件质量也在逐步的提高和改善。但软件质量的提高不能依赖于测试,高质量的软件依靠高质量的分析和设计,软件测试是控制软件质量的重要手段而不是根本。基于不同的软件开发生命周期阶段和测试目的,有多种的测试方法和测试技术。按用途,软件测试可以分为:功能性测试,性能测试,可靠性测试和安全性测试等。按生命周期,软件测试可分:需求阶段测试,设计阶段测试,程序编码阶段测试,评价测试结果,安装阶段测试,验收测试及维修测试等。从测试级别软件测试可以归纳如下:单元测试,组件测试,集成测试和系统测试。按时否需要执行,软件测试可分为静态测试和动态测试,按时否需要对软件内部结构进行测试可分为黑盒测试和白盒测试等。 于对软件及其原则要求在本身理解上的局限性,尽管至关紧要的软件质量已经广泛的被软件开发人员和测试人员所认识到,软件测试留下的仍然是一篇值得研究文章。软件测试的主要困难来源于软件本身的复杂性。我们甚至不能彻底的完成一个中等复杂程度的软件的测试。找出软件中的所有缺陷才停止测试是不可能的,软件测试需要在预算,时间和质量三方面作权衡。

 
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