c++积累7-引用

1、引用变量

&作用：
1，取地址
2，声明引用

声明引用使用方法：

int rats = 101;
int & rodents = rats;

rodents 是 rats的别名。

demo：

#include <iostream>


int main() {
    using namespace std;
    int rats = 101;
    int & rodents = rats;
    cout << "rats = " << rats;
    cout << ",rodents = " << rodents << endl;

    cout<< "rats address = " << &rats;
    cout << ",rodents address = " << &rodents << endl;

    rodents++;
    cout << "rats = " << rats;
    cout << ",rodents = " << rodents << endl;

    rats++;
    cout << "rats = " << rats;
    cout << ",rodents = " << rodents << endl;

    return 0;
}

2、引用&指针

1、引用在声明时必须初始化，下面这种写法是错误的。

2、引用接近于const指针

int & rodents = rats;
int * const pr = &rats;

rodents 和 *pr相同。

demo演示：

#include <iostream>


int main() {
    using namespace std;

    int rats = 101;
    int *prats = &rats;

    int & rodents = *prats;


    cout << "rats = " << rats;
    cout << ",rodents = " << rodents;
    cout << ",prats = " << *prats << endl;

    cout<< "rats address = " << &rats;
    cout << ",rodents address = " << &rodents;
    cout << ",prats address = " << prats << endl;

    int bunnies = 200;
    prats = &bunnies;
    cout << "rats = " << rats;
    cout << ",rodents = " << rodents;
    cout << ",prats = " << *prats << endl;

    cout<< "rats address = " << &rats;
    cout << ",rodents address = " << &rodents << endl;
    cout << ",prats address = " << prats << endl;

    int a = 1000;
    rodents = a;
    cout << "rats = " << rats;
    cout << ",rodents = " << rodents;
    cout << ",prats = " << *prats << endl;

    cout<< "rats address = " << &rats;
    cout << ",rodents address = " << &rodents << endl;
    cout << ",prats address = " << prats << endl;

    return 0;
}

引用-函数参数

允许被调用函数直接修改调用函数传递的变量的值。C++新增的这项特性是对C的超越，C语言只能按值或者指针传递。

demo：

#include <iostream>

void swapr(int &a, int &b);

void swapp(int *p, int *q);

void swapv(int a, int b);


int main() {
    using namespace std;
    int wallet1 = 100;
    int wallet2 = 200;
    cout << "wallet1  = " << wallet1;
    cout << ", wallet2 = " << wallet2 << endl;

    cout << "Using references to swap: \n";
    swapr(wallet1, wallet2);
    cout << "wallet1  = " << wallet1;
    cout << ", wallet2 = " << wallet2 << endl;

    cout << "Using pointers to swap: \n";
    swapp(&wallet1, &wallet2);
    cout << "wallet1  = " << wallet1;
    cout << ", wallet2 = " << wallet2 << endl;

    cout << "Using values to swap: \n";
    swapv(wallet1, wallet2);
    cout << "wallet1  = " << wallet1;
    cout << ", wallet2 = " << wallet2 << endl;

    return 0;
}

void swapr(int &a, int &b) {
    int temp;
    temp = a;
    a = b;
    b = temp;
}

void swapp(int *p, int *q) {
    int temp;
    temp = *p;
    *p = *q;
    *q = temp;
}

void swapv(int a, int b) {
    int temp;
    temp = a;
    a = b;
    b = temp;
}

输出：

const+引用

摘自C++ primer plus