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This thesis presents neutron scattering studies of three correlated electron systems, each of which exhibit di®erent competing interactions. These include charge order, magnetic order and lattice degrees of freedom. The main focus is on magnetic excitations within the systems. In all cases the experimental data have been analysed through comparison with theoretical models.

Free electron theory Consider free electrons in a metal – an electron gas. •regards a metal as a box in which electrons are free to move. •assumes nuclei stay fixed on their lattice sites surrounded by core electrons, while the valence electrons move freely through the solid.

群论对于化学和固体物理领域的研究人员来说， 应该是很熟悉的理论工具。它在物理和化学领域内的应用始于上个世纪 30年代， 在分析晶体能带和分子能级上提供的很大的简便性。群论的知识可以从很多教材和当今发达的互联网上找到， 对于物理学的研究生来说也是一门常见的课程， 可恨自己竟然没有选修过它。为什么呢？因为当初没有关注也没有老师 要求修这门课啊－一一一看来咱们所的研究生课程教育还是很脱节的。

Application to the Physics of Condensed Matter Symmetry can be seen as the most basic and important concept in physics. Momentum conservation is a consequence of translational symmetry of space. More generally, every process in physics is governed by selection rules that are the consequence of symmetry requirements. On a given physical system, the eigenstate properties and the degeneracy of eigenvalues are governed by symmetry considerations. The beauty and strength of group theory applied to physics resides in the transformation of many complex symmetry operations into a very simple linear algebra. The concept of representation, connecting the symmetry aspects to matrices and basis functions, together with a few simple theorems, leads to the determination and understanding of the fundamental properties of the physical system, and any kind of physical property, its transformations due to interactions or phase transitions, are described in terms of the simple concept of symmetry changes.

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