类简介:
/**
* 键值对,不能包含重复的键,每个键至多映射一个值。
* An object that maps keys to values. A map cannot contain duplicate keys;
* each key can map to at most one value.
*
* 这个接口替代了Dictionary类,Dictionary是一个抽象类,而不是一个接口。
* <p>This interface takes the place of the <tt>Dictionary</tt> class, which
* was a totally abstract class rather than an interface.
*
* Map接口提供了3个集合视图,这些视图允许map的内容作为键的集合,值得集合,键值对的集合。一个map的顺序取决于这些是视图返回元素的顺序。
* 有些Map的实现类,如TreeMap,对顺序有特殊的保证,但是HashMap就没有。
*
* <p>The <tt>Map</tt> interface provides three <i>collection views</i>, which
* allow a map's contents to be viewed as a set of keys, collection of values,
* or set of key-value mappings. The <i>order</i> of a map is defined as
* the order in which the iterators on the map's collection views return their
* elements. Some map implementations, like the <tt>TreeMap</tt> class, make
* specific guarantees as to their order; others, like the <tt>HashMap</tt>
* class, do not.
*
* 如果可变对象作为键,那就需要注意了。
* <p>Note: great care must be exercised if mutable objects are used as map
* keys. The behavior of a map is not specified if the value of an object is
* changed in a manner that affects <tt>equals</tt> comparisons while the
* object is a key in the map. A special case of this prohibition is that it
* is not permissible for a map to contain itself as a key. While it is
* permissible for a map to contain itself as a value, extreme caution is
* advised: the <tt>equals</tt> and <tt>hashCode</tt> methods are no longer
* well defined on such a map.
*
* 通常Map的实现类,有两个标准的构造器,无参以及使用Map类型的单个参数,使用相同的键值对创建了一个新的Map。允许用户去复制任何的Map,创造一个相同的map。
* 接口不能有构造器,所以这个推荐没有办法强制要求,但是JDK中的所有Map都遵守了这一建议。
*
* <p>All general-purpose map implementation classes should provide two
* "standard" constructors: a void (no arguments) constructor which creates an
* empty map, and a constructor with a single argument of type <tt>Map</tt>,
* which creates a new map with the same key-value mappings as its argument.
* In effect, the latter constructor allows the user to copy any map,
* producing an equivalent map of the desired class. There is no way to
* enforce this recommendation (as interfaces cannot contain constructors) but
* all of the general-purpose map implementations in the JDK comply.
*
* <p>The "destructive" methods contained in this interface, that is, the
* methods that modify the map on which they operate, are specified to throw
* <tt>UnsupportedOperationException</tt> if this map does not support the
* operation. If this is the case, these methods may, but are not required
* to, throw an <tt>UnsupportedOperationException</tt> if the invocation would
* have no effect on the map. For example, invoking the {@link #putAll(Map)}
* method on an unmodifiable map may, but is not required to, throw the
* exception if the map whose mappings are to be "superimposed" is empty.
*
* 部分Map实现对键值对有限制。例如:一些实现禁止key/valu 为null,一些限制键的类型。尝试插入不合法的键或者值,会抛出 unchecked 异常,典型的如 NullPointerException或者
* ClassCastException。
* <p>Some map implementations have restrictions on the keys and values they
* may contain. For example, some implementations prohibit null keys and
* values, and some have restrictions on the types of their keys. Attempting
* to insert an ineligible key or value throws an unchecked exception,
* typically <tt>NullPointerException</tt> or <tt>ClassCastException</tt>.
* Attempting to query the presence of an ineligible key or value may throw an
* exception, or it may simply return false; some implementations will exhibit
* the former behavior and some will exhibit the latter. More generally,
* attempting an operation on an ineligible key or value whose completion
* would not result in the insertion of an ineligible element into the map may
* throw an exception or it may succeed, at the option of the implementation.
* Such exceptions are marked as "optional" in the specification for this
* interface.
*
* 集合框架接口中的很多方法都基于equals()方法定义,如:containsKey(Object).仅仅 key==null?k=null:key.equals(k).
*
*
* <p>Many methods in Collections Framework interfaces are defined
* in terms of the {@link Object#equals(Object) equals} method. For
* example, the specification for the {@link #containsKey(Object)
* containsKey(Object key)} method says: "returns <tt>true</tt> if and
* only if this map contains a mapping for a key <tt>k</tt> such that
* <tt>(key==null ? k==null : key.equals(k))</tt>." This specification should
* <i>not</i> be construed to imply that invoking <tt>Map.containsKey</tt>
* with a non-null argument <tt>key</tt> will cause <tt>key.equals(k)</tt> to
* be invoked for any key <tt>k</tt>. Implementations are free to
* implement optimizations whereby the <tt>equals</tt> invocation is avoided,
* for example, by first comparing the hash codes of the two keys. (The
* {@link Object#hashCode()} specification guarantees that two objects with
* unequal hash codes cannot be equal.) More generally, implementations of
* the various Collections Framework interfaces are free to take advantage of
* the specified behavior of underlying {@link Object} methods wherever the
* implementor deems it appropriate.
*
* <p>Some map operations which perform recursive traversal of the map may fail
* with an exception for self-referential instances where the map directly or
* indirectly contains itself. This includes the {@code clone()},
* {@code equals()}, {@code hashCode()} and {@code toString()} methods.
* Implementations may optionally handle the self-referential scenario, however
* most current implementations do not do so.
*
* <p>This interface is a member of the
* <a href="{@docRoot}/../technotes/guides/collections/index.html">
* Java Collections Framework</a>.
*
* @param <K> the type of keys maintained by this map
* @param <V> the type of mapped values
*
* @author Josh Bloch
* @see HashMap
* @see TreeMap
* @see Hashtable
* @see SortedMap
* @see Collection
* @see Set
* @since 1.2
*/
接口中定义的方法,在其他的实现类中进行具体分析。