C语言涉猎笔记（二）

字符串的一些操作

//字符串
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <string.h>//字符串操作需要导的包

int main() {
    //第一种方式定义，char数组，打印遇'\0'才结束打印，'\0'不计入字符串长度
    char str[] = {'K', 'e', 'v', 'i', 'n', '\0'};
    str[2] = '2';//正常修改
    printf("%s\n", str);

    //第二种方式定义，指针，会默认结尾加上'\0'
    char * str2 = "Kevin";
//    str2[2] = '2'; // 会奔溃，报不允许访问的错
    printf("%s\n", str2);

    //获取字符串长度
    int len = strlen(str);
    printf("%d\n", len);

    //字符串转换
    char * num = "1";
    //atoi是字符串转整形  atof是字符串转浮点类型
    int result =  atoi(num);
    if (result) {
        printf("转换成功:%d\n", result);
    } else {
        printf("转换失败\n");
    }

    //字符串比较（0代表相等）
    char * a = "Kevin";
    char * b = "kevin";
    //区分大小写
    int resultCompareA = strcmp(a, b);
    //不区分大小写
    int resultCompareB = strcmpi(a, b);
    if (resultCompareA) {
        printf("不相等\n");
    } else {
        printf("相等\n");
    }
    if (resultCompareB) {
        printf("不相等\n");
    } else {
        printf("相等\n");
    }

    //字符串包含查找
    char * text = "name is Kevin";
    char * subtext = "is";
    char * pop = strstr(text, subtext);
    if (pop) {
        printf("查到了, pop的值是:%s\n", pop);//pop == subtext以及后面的所有内容
    } else {
        printf("没查到, pop的值是:%s\n", pop);//pop == null
    }
    //通过指针减法获取第一次出现位置
    int index = pop - text; // pop= "is" - "name is Kevin"
    printf("%s第一次出现的位置是:%d\n", subtext, index);

    //字符串截取
    char * substr = "abcdefg";
    char substr_new[10];
    //第一个参数是截取后接收的容器，第二个参数是原字符串截取时指针位置，第三个参数是原字符串指针移动截取的长度
    strncpy(substr_new, substr + 2, 2);
    //目前知道只截取两位，所以在第三位设置'\0'方便打印
    substr_new[2] = '\0';
    printf("截取后字符串是:%s\n", substr_new);

    //字符串拼接
    char * string1 = "string1";
    char * add = "+";
    char * string2 = "string2";
    //定义容器接收(类似于java的StringBuilder)
    char new_str[20];
    strcpy(new_str, string1); // 先Copy到数组里面去
    strcat(new_str, add); // 然后再拼接
    strcat(new_str, string2); // 然后再拼接
    printf("拼接后的结果:%s\n", new_str); // string1+string2

    //大小写互换
    char * ds = "ABCdef";
    char resultDs[10];
    for (int i = 0; i <strlen(ds); ++i) {
        if (islower(ds[i])) {
            resultDs[i] = toupper(ds[i]);
        } else if (isupper(ds[i])) {
            resultDs[i] = tolower(ds[i]);
        }
    }
    printf("%s\n", resultDs);//abcDEF
    return 0;
}

结构体定义与使用

//结构体定义与使用
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

//struct 关键字定义结构体
struct Student {
    //结构体成员属性
    char name[10];
    int age;
    char sex;
    char * qt;

    //内部结构体，需要提前声明赋值
    struct Other {
        int other;
    } other;
};

//结构体下面提前进行声明赋值,student1, student2, student3可以直接正常使用
struct Student2 {
    //结构体成员属性
    char name[10];
    int age;
    char sex;
    char * qt;

    //内部结构体
    struct Other2 {
        int other;
    } other2;
} student1, student2, student3 = {"ls", 20, 'n', "qt3", {999}};

int main() {
    //声明结构体（栈内存），成员属性为系统值
    struct Student student;
    //成员属性设置值（数组需要用拷贝）
    strcpy(student.name, "kevin");
    student.age = 18;
    student.sex = 'n';
    student.qt = "qt";
    student.other.other = 888;
    printf("name:%s, age:%d, sex:%c, qt:%s, other:%d\n", student.name, student.age, student.sex, student.qt, student.other.other);
    //第二种方式，声明直接设置
    struct Student studentX = {"ming", 25, 'v', "qtttt", {555}};
    printf("name:%s, age:%d, sex:%c, qt:%s, other:%d\n", studentX.name, studentX.age, studentX.sex, studentX.qt, studentX.other.other);

    //成员属性取值（数组需要用拷贝）
    char name[10];
    strcpy(name, student3.name);
    int age = student3.age;
    char sex = student3.sex;
    char * qt = student3.qt;
    int other = student3.other2.other;
    printf("name:%s, age:%d, sex:%c, qt:%s, other:%d\n", name, age, sex, qt, other);
    return 0;
}

结构体指针

//结构体指针
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

struct Student {
    char name[10];
    int age;
} student = {"kevin", 22};

int main() {
    //结构体指针获取
    struct Student * student_p = &student;
    //结构体指针使用
    student_p->age = 55;
    strcpy(student_p->name, "kevin2");
    printf("name:%s, age:%d \n", student_p->name, student_p->age);
    return 0;
}

堆内存开辟结构体

//动态开辟结构体，堆内存开辟
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>

struct Student {
    char name[10];
    int age;
};

int main() {
    //堆内存开辟结构体
    struct Student * student = malloc(sizeof(struct Student));
    strcpy(student->name, "li");
    student->age = 28;
    printf("name:%s, age:%d \n", student->name, student->age);

    //堆内存的必须释放
    free(student);
    student = NULL;
    return 0;
}

结构体数组

//结构体数组
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>

struct Student{
    char name[10];
    int age;
};

int main() {
    //栈内存开辟机构体数组
    struct Student studentList[3] = {{"li", 18}, {"wan", 22}, {"zh", 25}};
    //取出第二个元素的结构体，赋值给第三个元素的结构体
    struct Student student2 = studentList[1];
    *(studentList + 2) = student2;
    for (int i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {
        printf("name:%s, age:%d \n", studentList[i].name, studentList[i].age);
    }

    //堆内存开辟机构体数组
    struct Student * StudentList_p = malloc(sizeof(struct Student) * 3);
    for (int i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {
        strcpy((StudentList_p + i)->name, "vi");
        (StudentList_p + i)->age = 20 + i;
    }
    for (int i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {
        printf("name:%s, age:%d \n", StudentList_p[i].name, StudentList_p[i].age);
    }
    free(StudentList_p);
    StudentList_p = NULL;
    return 0;
};

typedef关键字

//typedef 别名关键字 目的：解决平台差异性，方便书写代码
#include <stdio.h>

//typedef给结构体取了一个别名
typedef struct Student Stu;

struct Student{
    char name[10];
    int age;
};

//匿名结构体，必须声明别名进行使用，否则定义匿名没有意义
typedef struct {
    char name[10];
    int age;
} Tea;

int main(){
    //直接使用别名创建结构体实例
    Stu stu = {"kevin", 18};
    printf("name:%s, age:%d \n", stu.name, stu.age);

    Tea tea = {"green", 5};
    printf("name:%s, age:%d \n", tea.name, tea.age);
    return 0;
}

枚举

//枚举(和java一样)
#include <stdio.h>

enum CommentType {
    TEXT = 10,
    TEXT_IMAGE,
    IMAGE
};

int main() {
    enum CommentType commentType = TEXT;
    enum CommentType commentType1 = TEXT_IMAGE;
    enum CommentType commentType2 = IMAGE;

    printf("%d, %d, %d \n", commentType, commentType1, commentType2);

    return 0;
}