深入分析JavaWeb Item6 — servletConfig 与servletContext详解

一、ServletConfig讲解

首先看ServletConfig API文档

1.1、配置Servlet初始化参数

在Servlet的配置文件web.xml中,可以使用一个或多个<init-param>标签为servlet配置一些初始化参数。

例如:

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<servlet>
     <servlet-name>ServletConfigDemo1</servlet-name>
     <servlet- class >gacl.servlet.study.ServletConfigDemo1</servlet- class >
     <!--配置ServletConfigDemo1的初始化参数 -->
     <init-param>
         <param-name>name</param-name>
         <param-value>gacl</param-value>
     </init-param>
      <init-param>
         <param-name>password</param-name>
         <param-value> 123 </param-value>
     </init-param>
     <init-param>
         <param-name>charset</param-name>
         <param-value>UTF- 8 </param-value>
     </init-param>
</servlet>
1.2、通过ServletConfig获取Servlet的初始化参数

当servlet配置了初始化参数后,web容器在创建servlet实例对象时,会自动将这些初始化参数封装到ServletConfig对象中,并在调用servlet的init方法时,将ServletConfig对象传递给servlet。进而,我们通过ServletConfig对象就可以得到当前servlet的初始化参数信息。

例如:

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package gacl.servlet.study;
 
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Enumeration;
import javax.servlet.ServletConfig;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
 
public class ServletConfigDemo1 extends HttpServlet {
 
     /**
      * 定义ServletConfig对象来接收配置的初始化参数
      */
     private ServletConfig config;
 
     /**
      * 当servlet配置了初始化参数后,web容器在创建servlet实例对象时,
      * 会自动将这些初始化参数封装到ServletConfig对象中,并在调用servlet的init方法时,
      * 将ServletConfig对象传递给servlet。进而,程序员通过ServletConfig对象就可以
      * 得到当前servlet的初始化参数信息。
      */
     @Override
     public void init(ServletConfig config) throws ServletException {
         this .config = config;
     }
 
     public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
             throws ServletException, IOException {
         //获取在web.xml中配置的初始化参数
         String paramVal = this .config.getInitParameter( "name" ); //获取指定的初始化参数
         response.getWriter().print(paramVal);
 
         response.getWriter().print( "<hr/>" );
         //获取所有的初始化参数
         Enumeration<String> e = config.getInitParameterNames();
         while (e.hasMoreElements()){
             String name = e.nextElement();
             String value = config.getInitParameter(name);
             response.getWriter().print(name + "=" + value + "" );
         }
     }
 
     public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
             throws ServletException, IOException {
         this .doGet(request, response);
     }
 
}

运行结果如下:

二、ServletContext对象

WEB容器在启动时,它会为每个WEB应用程序都创建一个对应的ServletContext对象,它代表当前web应用。
ServletConfig对象中维护了ServletContext对象的引用,开发人员在编写servlet时,可以通过ServletConfig.getServletContext方法获得ServletContext对象,但是还有更简洁的this.getServletContext()方法;

<font color=”red”>由于一个WEB应用中的所有Servlet共享同一个ServletContext对象,因此Servlet对象之间可以通过ServletContext对象来实现通讯。ServletContext对象通常也被称之为context域对象:1,是一个容器 2。作用范围是应用程序范围。

三、ServletContext的应用

3.1、多个Servlet通过ServletContext对象实现数据共享

范例:ServletContextDemo1ServletContextDemo2通过ServletContext对象实现数据共享

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package gacl.servlet.study;
 
import java.io.IOException;
import javax.servlet.ServletContext;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
 
public class ServletContextDemo1 extends HttpServlet {
 
     public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
             throws ServletException, IOException {
         String data = "xdp_gacl" ;
         /**
          * ServletConfig对象中维护了ServletContext对象的引用,开发人员在编写servlet时,
          * 可以通过ServletConfig.getServletContext方法获得ServletContext对象。
          */
         ServletContext context = this .getServletConfig().getServletContext(); //获得ServletContext对象
         context.setAttribute( "data" , data);  //将data存储到ServletContext对象中
     }
 
     public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
             throws ServletException, IOException {
         doGet(request, response);
     }
}
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package gacl.servlet.study;
 
import java.io.IOException;
import javax.servlet.ServletContext;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
 
public class ServletContextDemo2 extends HttpServlet {
 
     public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
             throws ServletException, IOException {
         ServletContext context = this .getServletContext();
         String data = (String) context.getAttribute( "data" ); //从ServletContext对象中取出数据
         response.getWriter().print( "data=" +data);
     }
 
     public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
             throws ServletException, IOException {
         doGet(request, response);
     }
}

先运行ServletContextDemo1,将数据data存储到ServletContext对象中,然后运行ServletContextDemo2就可以从ServletContext对象中取出数据了,这样就实现了数据共享,如下图所示:

3.2、获取WEB应用的初始化参数

如果想在所有的Servlet应用中都要配置并读取初始化参数,则可以在web.xml文件的<web-app>中使用<context-param>标签配置WEB应用的初始化参数,如下所示:

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<?xml version= "1.0" encoding= "UTF-8" ?>
<web-app version= "3.0" xmlns= "http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee" xmlns:xsi= "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee
 
http: //java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_3_0.xsd">
 
     <display-name></display-name>
     <!-- 配置WEB应用的初始化参数 -->
     <context-param>
         <param-name>url</param-name>
         <param-value>jdbc:mysql: //localhost:3306/test</param-value>
     </context-param>
 
     <welcome-file-list>
         <welcome-file>index.jsp</welcome-file>
     </welcome-file-list>
</web-app>

获取Web应用的初始化参数,代码如下:

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package gacl.servlet.study;
 
import java.io.IOException;
import javax.servlet.ServletContext;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
 
public class ServletContextDemo3 extends HttpServlet {
 
     public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
             throws ServletException, IOException {
 
         ServletContext context = this .getServletContext();
         //获取整个web站点的初始化参数
         String contextInitParam = context.getInitParameter( "url" );
         response.getWriter().print(contextInitParam);
     }
 
     public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
             throws ServletException, IOException {
         doGet(request, response);
     }
 
}

运行结果:

3.3、用servletContext实现请求转发

实现Servlet的转发。

  • ServletContextDemo4
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package gacl.servlet.study;
 
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import javax.servlet.RequestDispatcher;
import javax.servlet.ServletContext;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
 
public class ServletContextDemo4 extends HttpServlet {
 
     public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
             throws ServletException, IOException {
         String data = "<h1><font color='red'>abcdefghjkl</font></h1>" ;
         response.getOutputStream().write(data.getBytes());
         ServletContext context = this .getServletContext(); //获取ServletContext对象
         RequestDispatcher rd = context.getRequestDispatcher( "/servlet/ServletContextDemo5" ); //获取请求转发对象(RequestDispatcher)
         rd.forward(request, response); //调用forward方法实现请求转发
     }
 
     public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
             throws ServletException, IOException {
     }
}
  • ServletContextDemo5
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package gacl.servlet.study;
 
import java.io.IOException;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
 
public class ServletContextDemo5 extends HttpServlet {
 
     public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
             throws ServletException, IOException {
         response.getOutputStream().write( "servletDemo5" .getBytes());
     }
 
     public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
             throws ServletException, IOException {
         this .doGet(request, response);
     }
 
}

运行结果:

访问的是ServletContextDemo4,浏览器显示的却是ServletContextDemo5的内容,这就是使用ServletContext实现了请求转发

3.4、利用ServletContext对象读取资源文件

利用ServletContext对象读取资源文件,因为文件的位置不同,所有读取的方式也不同,一般来说分为两种情况:

  • 在Servlet的context域中读取文件,工程目录下的src目录发布到服务器中,会映射到“/WEB-INF/classes”文件夹下。所以要一一对应。而且这个是相对目录,相对于web服务器的目录。如果要用传统的文件读取文件,则要使用绝对路劲
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PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();
         ServletContext context = this .getServletContext();
         String path = context.getRealPath( "/WEB-INF/classes/itcast.properties" );
         InputStream in = new FileInputStream(path);
         Properties pro = new Properties();
         pro.load(in);
  • 如果是非servlet中读取配置文件,则要使用类加载器去读取。稍后讲到

项目目录结构如下:

代码范例:使用servletContext读取资源文件

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package gacl.servlet.study;
 
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.text.MessageFormat;
import java.util.Properties;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
 
/**
  * 使用servletContext读取资源文件
  *
  * @author gacl
  *
  */
public class ServletContextDemo6 extends HttpServlet {
 
     public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
             throws ServletException, IOException {
         /**
          * response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8");目的是控制浏览器用UTF-8进行解码;
          * 这样就不会出现中文乱码了
          */
         response.setHeader( "content-type" , "text/html;charset=UTF-8" );
         readSrcDirPropCfgFile(response); //读取src目录下的properties配置文件
         response.getWriter().println( "<hr/>" );
         readWebRootDirPropCfgFile(response); //读取WebRoot目录下的properties配置文件
         response.getWriter().println( "<hr/>" );
         readPropCfgFile(response); //读取src目录下的db.config包中的db3.properties配置文件
         response.getWriter().println( "<hr/>" );
         readPropCfgFile2(response); //读取src目录下的gacl.servlet.study包中的db4.properties配置文件
 
     }
 
     /**
      * 读取src目录下的gacl.servlet.study包中的db4.properties配置文件
      * @param response
      * @throws IOException
      */
     private void readPropCfgFile2(HttpServletResponse response)
             throws IOException {
         InputStream in = this .getServletContext().getResourceAsStream( "/WEB-INF/classes/gacl/servlet/study/db4.properties" );
         Properties prop = new Properties();
         prop.load(in);
         String driver = prop.getProperty( "driver" );
         String url = prop.getProperty( "url" );
         String username = prop.getProperty( "username" );
         String password = prop.getProperty( "password" );
         response.getWriter().println( "读取src目录下的gacl.servlet.study包中的db4.properties配置文件:" );
         response.getWriter().println(
                 MessageFormat.format(
                         "driver={0},url={1},username={2},password={3}" ,
                         driver,url, username, password));
     }
 
     /**
      * 读取src目录下的db.config包中的db3.properties配置文件
      * @param response
      * @throws FileNotFoundException
      * @throws IOException
      */
     private void readPropCfgFile(HttpServletResponse response)
             throws FileNotFoundException, IOException {
         //通过ServletContext获取web资源的绝对路径
         String path = this .getServletContext().getRealPath( "/WEB-INF/classes/db/config/db3.properties" );
         InputStream in = new FileInputStream(path);
         Properties prop = new Properties();
         prop.load(in);
         String driver = prop.getProperty( "driver" );
         String url = prop.getProperty( "url" );
         String username = prop.getProperty( "username" );
         String password = prop.getProperty( "password" );
         response.getWriter().println( "读取src目录下的db.config包中的db3.properties配置文件:" );
         response.getWriter().println(
                 MessageFormat.format(
                         "driver={0},url={1},username={2},password={3}" ,
                         driver,url, username, password));
     }
 
     /**
      * 通过ServletContext对象读取WebRoot目录下的properties配置文件
      * @param response
      * @throws IOException
      */
     private void readWebRootDirPropCfgFile(HttpServletResponse response)
             throws IOException {
         /**
          * 通过ServletContext对象读取WebRoot目录下的properties配置文件
          * “/”代表的是项目根目录
          */
         InputStream in = this .getServletContext().getResourceAsStream( "/db2.properties" );
         Properties prop = new Properties();
         prop.load(in);
         String driver = prop.getProperty( "driver" );
         String url = prop.getProperty( "url" );
         String username = prop.getProperty( "username" );
         String password = prop.getProperty( "password" );
         response.getWriter().println( "读取WebRoot目录下的db2.properties配置文件:" );
         response.getWriter().print(
                 MessageFormat.format(
                         "driver={0},url={1},username={2},password={3}" ,
                         driver,url, username, password));
     }
 
     /**
      * 通过ServletContext对象读取src目录下的properties配置文件
      * @param response
      * @throws IOException
      */
     private void readSrcDirPropCfgFile(HttpServletResponse response) throws IOException {
         /**
          * 通过ServletContext对象读取src目录下的db1.properties配置文件
          */
         InputStream in = this .getServletContext().getResourceAsStream( "/WEB-INF/classes/db1.properties" );
         Properties prop = new Properties();
         prop.load(in);
         String driver = prop.getProperty( "driver" );
         String url = prop.getProperty( "url" );
         String username = prop.getProperty( "username" );
         String password = prop.getProperty( "password" );
         response.getWriter().println( "读取src目录下的db1.properties配置文件:" );
         response.getWriter().println(
                 MessageFormat.format(
                         "driver={0},url={1},username={2},password={3}" ,
                         driver,url, username, password));
     }
 
     public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
             throws ServletException, IOException {
         this .doGet(request, response);
     }
 
}

运行结果如下:

使用类装载器读取资源文件

我们在非servlet中读取资源文件时(比如在数据库的dao层读取配置文件),采用类装载器 classLoader,你可以先采用servlet服务先读取,然后在把servlet传递给dao,这样虽然可以实现,但是,这样损坏了我们编代码的设计原则,就是层之间不能有交织在一起的东西。

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package gacl.servlet.study;
 
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.text.MessageFormat;
import java.util.Properties;
 
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
 
/**
  * 用类装载器读取资源文件
  * 通过类装载器读取资源文件的注意事项:不适合装载大文件,否则会导致jvm内存溢出
  * @author gacl
  *
  */
public class ServletContextDemo7 extends HttpServlet {
 
     public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
             throws ServletException, IOException {
         /**
          * response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8");目的是控制浏览器用UTF-8进行解码;
          * 这样就不会出现中文乱码了
          */
         response.setHeader( "content-type" , "text/html;charset=UTF-8" );
         test1(response);
         response.getWriter().println( "<hr/>" );
         test2(response);
         response.getWriter().println( "<hr/>" );
         //test3();
         test4();
 
     }
 
     /**
      * 读取类路径下的资源文件
      * @param response
      * @throws IOException
      */
     private void test1(HttpServletResponse response) throws IOException {
         //获取到装载当前类的类装载器
         ClassLoader loader = ServletContextDemo7. class .getClassLoader();
         //用类装载器读取src目录下的db1.properties配置文件
         InputStream in = loader.getResourceAsStream( "db1.properties" );
         Properties prop = new Properties();
         prop.load(in);
         String driver = prop.getProperty( "driver" );
         String url = prop.getProperty( "url" );
         String username = prop.getProperty( "username" );
         String password = prop.getProperty( "password" );
         response.getWriter().println( "用类装载器读取src目录下的db1.properties配置文件:" );
         response.getWriter().println(
                 MessageFormat.format(
                         "driver={0},url={1},username={2},password={3}" ,
                         driver,url, username, password));
     }
 
     /**
      * 读取类路径下面、包下面的资源文件
      * @param response
      * @throws IOException
      */
     private void test2(HttpServletResponse response) throws IOException {
         //获取到装载当前类的类装载器
         ClassLoader loader = ServletContextDemo7. class .getClassLoader();
         //用类装载器读取src目录下的gacl.servlet.study包中的db4.properties配置文件
         InputStream in = loader.getResourceAsStream( "gacl/servlet/study/db4.properties" );
         Properties prop = new Properties();
         prop.load(in);
         String driver = prop.getProperty( "driver" );
         String url = prop.getProperty( "url" );
         String username = prop.getProperty( "username" );
         String password = prop.getProperty( "password" );
         response.getWriter().println( "用类装载器读取src目录下的gacl.servlet.study包中的db4.properties配置文件:" );
         response.getWriter().println(
                 MessageFormat.format(
                         "driver={0},url={1},username={2},password={3}" ,
                         driver,url, username, password));
     }
 
     /**
      * 通过类装载器读取资源文件的注意事项:不适合装载大文件,否则会导致jvm内存溢出
      */
     public void test3() {
         /**
          * 01.avi是一个150多M的文件,使用类加载器去读取这个大文件时会导致内存溢出:
          * java.lang.OutOfMemoryError: Java heap space
          */
         InputStream in = ServletContextDemo7. class .getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream( "01.avi" );
         System.out.println(in);
     }
 
     /**
      * 读取01.avi,并拷贝到e:\根目录下
      * 01.avi文件太大,只能用servletContext去读取
      * @throws IOException
      */
     public void test4() throws IOException {
         // path=G:\Java学习视频\JavaWeb学习视频\JavaWeb\day05视频\01.avi
         // path=01.avi
         String path = this .getServletContext().getRealPath( "/WEB-INF/classes/01.avi" );
         /**
          * path.lastIndexOf("\\") + 1是一个非常绝妙的写法
          */
         String filename = path.substring(path.lastIndexOf( "\\" ) + 1 ); //获取文件名
         InputStream in = this .getServletContext().getResourceAsStream( "/WEB-INF/classes/01.avi" );
         byte buffer[] = new byte [ 1024 ];
         int len = 0 ;
         OutputStream out = new FileOutputStream( "e:\\" + filename);
         while ((len = in.read(buffer)) > 0 ) {
             out.write(buffer, 0 , len);
         }
         out.close();
         in.close();
     }
 
     public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
             throws ServletException, IOException {
 
         this .doGet(request, response);
     }
 
}

  运行结果如下:

使用类装载器读取资源文件,存在的问题是;类装载器,每次只会装载一次。

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//如果读取资源文件的程序不是servlet的话,
//就只能通过类转载器去读了,文件不能太大
//用传递参数方法不好,耦合性高
public class UserDao {
 
     private static Properties dbconfig= new Properties();
     static {
         InputStream in=UserDao. class .getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream( "db.properties" );
         try {
             dbconfig.load(in);
         } catch (IOException e) {
             throw new ExceptionInInitializerError(e);
         }   
         //上面代码类装载器只装载一次,下面代码用类装载方式得到文件位置
         URL url=UserDao. class .getClassLoader().getResource( "db.properties" );
         String str=url.getPath();
         //file:/C:/apache-tomcat-7.0.22/webapps/day05/WEB-INF/classes/db.properties
         try {
             InputStream in2= new FileInputStream(str);
             try {
                 dbconfig.load(in2);
             } catch (IOException e) {
                 throw new ExceptionInInitializerError(e);
             }
         } catch (FileNotFoundException e1) {
             throw new ExceptionInInitializerError(e1);
         }       
     }
     public void update() {
         System.out.println(dbconfig.get( "url" ));
     }
}

四、在客户端缓存Servlet的输出

对于不经常变化的数据,在servlet中可以为其设置合理的缓存时间值,以避免浏览器频繁向服务器发送请求,提升服务器的性能。例如:

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package gacl.servlet.study;
 
import java.io.IOException;
 
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
 
public class ServletDemo5 extends HttpServlet {
 
     public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
             throws ServletException, IOException {
         String data = "abcddfwerwesfasfsadf" ;
         /**
          * 设置数据合理的缓存时间值,以避免浏览器频繁向服务器发送请求,提升服务器的性能
          * 这里是将数据的缓存时间设置为1天
          */
         response.setDateHeader( "expires" ,System.currentTimeMillis() + 24 * 3600 * 1000 );
         response.getOutputStream().write(data.getBytes());
     }
 
     public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
             throws ServletException, IOException {
 
         this .doGet(request, response);
     }
 
}

转载: http://www.importnew.com/21506.html
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