刚接触编程的同学可以看看的几个编程练习（python实现）（六）

本大白最近带一只小白入手编程，想法是在练习中学习，所以弄了几个题目。其中不少是经典的练习题，在很多编程入门书籍中都有出现；有的题涉及到一点数据结构的理念。在这里分享出来，刚接触编程的同学可以和我们一起做一做（无论学的是哪种语言都可以看一看，思路是通用的。这里我们学的是python），也欢迎大家指正。

25. 计算器

这里我用tkinter工具，编写一个图形界面的计算器。

这里编写的计算器比较简单，只能进行一次计算，不能进行复合运算、带括号的运算等。如果想拓展到这些功能，可以使用“中缀表达式”及堆栈结构实现，大家可以查阅相关资料。

from tkinter import *

class Calculator():
    
    def __init__(self, master):
        self.string = StringVar()
        self.stack = []
        self.first_num = 0
        self.second_num = 0
        self.method = ''
        
        self.frame = Frame(master)
        self.frame.pack()
        self.message = Message(self.frame, textvariable=self.string, 
                    width=500, justify="right").grid(
                            row=0, column=0, columnspan=4)
        self.button_1 = Button(self.frame, width=10, height=5, text="1", 
                    command=self.push_1).grid(row = 1, column = 0)
        self.utton_2 = Button(self.frame, width=10, height=5, text = "2", 
                    command=self.push_2).grid(row = 1, column = 1)
        self.button_3 = Button(self.frame, width=10, height=5, text = "3", 
                    command=self.push_3).grid(row = 1, column = 2)
        self.button_4 = Button(self.frame, width=10, height=5, text = "4", 
                    command=self.push_4).grid(row = 2, column = 0)
        self.button_5 = Button(self.frame, width=10, height=5, text = "5", 
                    command=self.push_5).grid(row = 2, column = 1)
        self.button_6 = Button(self.frame, width=10, height=5, text = "6", 
                    command=self.push_6).grid(row = 2, column = 2)
        self.button_7 = Button(self.frame, width=10, height=5, text = "7", 
                    command=self.push_7).grid(row = 3, column = 0)
        self.button_8 = Button(self.frame, width=10, height=5, text = "8", 
                    command=self.push_8).grid(row = 3, column = 1)
        self.button_9 = Button(self.frame, width=10, height=5, text = "9", 
                    command=self.push_9).grid(row = 3, column = 2)
        self.button_0 = Button(self.frame, width=10, height=5, text = "0", 
                    command=self.push_0).grid(row = 4, column = 1)
        self.button_add = Button(self.frame, width=10, height=5, text = "+", 
                    command=self.prepare_add).grid(row = 1, column = 3)
        self.button_minus = Button(self.frame, width=10, height=5, text = "-", 
                    command=self.prepare_minus).grid(row = 2, column = 3)
        self.button_multiply = Button(self.frame, width=10, height=5, 
                    text = "*", command=self.prepare_multiply).grid(row = 3, 
                                                    column = 3)
        self.button_divide = Button(self.frame, width=10, height=5, text = "/", 
                    command=self.prepare_divide).grid(row = 4, column = 3)
        self.button_equal = Button(self.frame, width=10, height=5, text = "=", 
                    command=self.equal).grid(row = 4, column = 2)
        self.button_clear = Button(self.frame, width=10, height=5, text = "C", 
                    command=self.clear).grid(row = 4, column = 0)
        
    def push_1(self):
        self.stack.append(1)
        string = self.string.get()
        self.string.set(string + str(1))
        
    def push_2(self):
        self.stack.append(2)
        string = self.string.get()
        self.string.set(string + str(2))
    
    def push_3(self):
        self.stack.append(3)
        string = self.string.get()
        self.string.set(string + str(3))
    
    def push_4(self):
        self.stack.append(4)
        string = self.string.get()
        self.string.set(string + str(4))
        
    def push_5(self):
        self.stack.append(5)
        string = self.string.get()
        self.string.set(string + str(5))
    
    def push_6(self):
        self.stack.append(6)
        string = self.string.get()
        self.string.set(string + str(6))
    
    def push_7(self):
        self.stack.append(7)
        string = self.string.get()
        self.string.set(string + str(7))
    
    def push_8(self):
        self.stack.append(8)
        string = self.string.get()
        self.string.set(string + str(8))
    
    def push_9(self):
        self.stack.append(9)
        string = self.string.get()
        self.string.set(string + str(9))
        
    def push_0(self):
        self.stack.append(0)
        string = self.string.get()
        self.string.set(string + str(0))
        
    def prepare_add(self):
        self.get_number()
        if self.method == "":
            self.method = '+'
            string = self.string.get()
            self.string.set(string + '+')   
        else:
            self.string.set("only once calcuation allowed")
    
    def prepare_minus(self):
        self.get_number()
        if self.method == "":
            self.method = '-'
            string = self.string.get()
            self.string.set(string + '-')   
        else:
            self.string.set("only once calcuation allowed")
    
    def prepare_multiply(self):
        self.get_number()
        if self.method == "":
            self.method = '*'
            string = self.string.get()
            self.string.set(string + '*')   
        else:
            self.string.set("only once calcuation allowed")
    
    def prepare_divide(self):
        self.get_number()
        if self.method == "":
            self.method = '/'
            string = self.string.get()
            self.string.set(string + '/')   
        else:
            self.string.set("only once calcuation allowed")
        
    def clear(self):
        self.string.set("")
        self.stack.clear()
        self.first_num = 0
        self.second_num = 0
        self.method = ''
    
    def equal(self):
        self.get_number()
        if self.method == '+':
            self.string.set(str(self.first_num + self.second_num))
        elif self.method == '-':
            self.string.set(str(self.first_num - self.second_num))
        elif self.method == '*':
            self.string.set(str(self.first_num * self.second_num))
        elif self.method == '/':
            try:
                temp = self.first_num / self.second_num
            except ZeroDivisionError:
                self.string.set("Can not divided by 0")
            else:
                self.string.set(str(temp))
                
    def get_number(self):
        digit = 1
        number = 0
        while len(self.stack) > 0:
            number += digit * self.stack.pop()
            digit *= 10
            
        if self.method == '':
            self.first_num = number
        else:
            self.second_num = number

##########    
root = Tk()
root.title("Easy Calculator")
Calculator(root)
root.mainloop()        

26. 生产者与消费者

一个容量固定的商品池，许多生产者，许多消费者。当某个生产者来到时，如果商品池有空位，他就放入一个商品；当某个消费者来到时，如果商品池有商品，他就取走一个商品。

我们可以定义一个类来表示商品池。

这里我通过产生随机数来决定是生产者来到还是消费者来到。

class Pool():
    
    def __init__(self):
        self.pool = []
        self.goods = 0

    def put_in(self, i):
        if self.goods < 2:
            self.pool.append(i)
            print("Producer put in " + str(i))
            self.goods += 1
            return True
        else:
            print("Producer fail")
            return False
            
        
    def get_out(self):
        if self.goods > 0:
            print("Consumer get out good " + str(self.pool.pop(0)))
            self.goods -= 1
        else:
            print("Consumer fail")
            
count = 1
market = Pool()    

for i in range(10):
    r = random.uniform(0, 1)
    if r > 0.3:
        if market.put_in(count):
            count += 1
    else:
        market.get_out()
        

（这是操作系统中的一个经典问题，涉及到多线程概念，生产者与消费者的独立操作可能会产生错误的影响，需要对商品池“上锁”来避免。 不过我们这里进行了简化，不涉及这种影响）

27. 面向对象的简单例子——车

我们在随机游走、计算器、生产者与消费者中用到了类，这里再看一个关于类的例子。

我们定义一个“车”的类，车有速度和里程两个变量，通过获取速度、获取里程的方法获取车的当前速度和里程，通过加速、减速、运行、停止方法模拟车的功能。

class Car():
    
    def __init__(self, speed=0, mileage=0):
        self.speed = speed
        self.mileage = mileage
    
    def get_speed(self):
        return self.speed
    
    def get_mileage(self):
        return self.mileage
    
    def accelerate(self):
        if self.speed <= 90:
            self.speed += 10
        else:
            self.speed = 100
            
    def decelerate(self):
        if self.speed >= 20:
            self.speed -= 20
        else:
            self.speed = 0
            
    def run(self, time):
        self.mileage += self.speed * time
        
    def stop(self):
        self.speed = 0
    
car = Car()
car.get_speed()   
car.get_mileage()    
for i in range(9):
    car.accelerate()
    car.run(1)
for i in range(4):
    car.decelerate()
    car.run(1)
    
print(car.get_speed())
print(car.get_mileage())