除了缓存bitmap之外,你还能做其他一些事情来优化GC和bitmap的复用。推荐的策略取决于Android的系统版本。附件中的例子会向你展示如何设计app以便在不同的Android版本中提高app的内存性能。
在不同的Android版本中,bitmap的内存管理有所不同。
在Android2.2(api level8)和之前的版本中,当GC触发的时候,App的主线程将会停止。这会导致一个明显的卡顿,并降低用户体验。从Android2.3开始加入了并发GC,这意味着只要bitmap不再被引用,内存将会马上被回收。
在Android2.3.3(api level 10)和以前的版本中,bitmap的像素数据保存在底层内存中,而bitmap本身是保存在虚拟机的heap中。保存在底层内存中的像素数据的回收是不可预测的,这会很容易引起App超过内存限制并且崩溃。在Android3.0以后,bitmap和关联的像素数据都保存在虚拟机的heap中。
下面将介绍在不同的Android版本中如何优化bitmap的内存。
1.在Android2.3.3和之前版本中管理内存。
在Android2.3.3和之前的版本中,推荐使用recycle()方法来管理内存。如果在App中显示很大的图片,将很有可能引起 OutOfMemoryError异常。recycle()方法允许APP尽快回收内存。需要注意的是,只能在你确定bitmap不会再被使用时才能调用recycle()方法。如果后续要显示一个已经调用过recycle()方法的bitmap,你将会得到"Canvas: trying to use a recycled bitmap”异常。
以下的代码片段显示调用recycle()方法的一个例子。这里使用引用计数的方式来跟踪现在正在显示的和正在缓冲中的bitmap(变量mDisplayRefCount和mCacheRefCount)。当满足下面两个条件时将会执行图片回收。
1)mDisplayRefCount和mCacheRefCount同时为0。
2)bitmap不为null,并且没有调用过recycle()方法。
private int mCacheRefCount = 0;
private int mDisplayRefCount = 0;
...
// drawable的显示状态发生改变.
// Keep a count to determine when the drawable is no longer displayed.
public void setIsDisplayed(boolean isDisplayed) {
synchronized (this) {
if (isDisplayed) {
mDisplayRefCount++;
mHasBeenDisplayed = true;
} else {
mDisplayRefCount--;
}
}
// Check to see if recycle() can be called.
checkState();
}
// Notify the drawable that the cache state has changed.
// Keep a count to determine when the drawable is no longer being cached.
public void setIsCached(boolean isCached) {
synchronized (this) {
if (isCached) {
mCacheRefCount++;
} else {
mCacheRefCount--;
}
}
// Check to see if recycle() can be called.
checkState();
}
private synchronized void checkState() {
// If the drawable cache and display ref counts = 0, and this drawable
// has been displayed, then recycle.
if (mCacheRefCount <= 0 && mDisplayRefCount <= 0 && mHasBeenDisplayed
&& hasValidBitmap()) {
getBitmap().recycle();
}
}
private synchronized boolean hasValidBitmap() {
Bitmap bitmap = getBitmap();
return bitmap != null && !bitmap.isRecycled();
}
2.管理Android3.0和更高版本的内存
Android3.0(API level 11)新增了 BitmapFactory.Options.inBitmap字段。如果这个选项被设置,那么使用该Options 的decode方法将会尝试复用一个已经存在的bitmap来加载新的bitmap。这意味着bitmap的内存将被复用,避免分配和释放内存来提升性能。然后,使用inBitmap有一些限制。特别是在Android4.4(API level19)之前,只有尺寸相同的bitmap才能使用该特性。
以下代码段显示如何在APP中保存一个现有的bitmap以便以后的复用。APP运行在Android3.0和更高版本中,当bitmap被LruCache释放,使用一个HashSet来持有该bitmap的一个软引用(
soft reference)以便将来通过
inBitmap来复用。
Set<SoftReference<Bitmap>> mReusableBitmaps;
private LruCache<String, BitmapDrawable> mMemoryCache;
// If you're running on Honeycomb or newer, create a
// synchronized HashSet of references to reusable bitmaps.
if (Utils.hasHoneycomb()) {
mReusableBitmaps =
Collections.synchronizedSet(new HashSet<SoftReference<Bitmap>>());
}
mMemoryCache = new LruCache<String, BitmapDrawable>(mCacheParams.memCacheSize) {
// Notify the removed entry that is no longer being cached.
@Override
protected void entryRemoved(boolean evicted, String key,
BitmapDrawable oldValue, BitmapDrawable newValue) {
if (RecyclingBitmapDrawable.class.isInstance(oldValue)) {
// The removed entry is a recycling drawable, so notify it
// that it has been removed from the memory cache.
((RecyclingBitmapDrawable) oldValue).setIsCached(false);
} else {
// The removed entry is a standard BitmapDrawable.
if (Utils.hasHoneycomb()) {
// We're running on Honeycomb or later, so add the bitmap
// to a SoftReference set for possible use with inBitmap later.
mReusableBitmaps.add
(new SoftReference<Bitmap>(oldValue.getBitmap()));
}
}
}
....
}
在APP运行中,
以下方法检查是否存在可以被复用的bitmap。
public static Bitmap decodeSampledBitmapFromFile(String filename,
int reqWidth, int reqHeight, ImageCache cache) {
final BitmapFactory.Options options = new BitmapFactory.Options();
...
BitmapFactory.decodeFile(filename, options);
...
// If we're running on Honeycomb or newer, try to use inBitmap.
if (Utils.hasHoneycomb()) {
addInBitmapOptions(options, cache);
}
...
return BitmapFactory.decodeFile(filename, options);
}
上述代码中的addInBitmapOptions()方法具体实现如下所示。它用来寻找一个已存在的bitmap用来设置 inBitmap字段。要注意该方法如果找到合适的bitmap只会设置 inBitmap字段(你的代码不应该假定总是能寻找到匹配)。
private static void addInBitmapOptions(BitmapFactory.Options options,
ImageCache cache) {
// inBitmap only works with mutable bitmaps, so force the decoder to
// return mutable bitmaps.
options.inMutable = true;
if (cache != null) {
// Try to find a bitmap to use for inBitmap.
Bitmap inBitmap = cache.getBitmapFromReusableSet(options);
if (inBitmap != null) {
// If a suitable bitmap has been found, set it as the value of
// inBitmap.
options.inBitmap = inBitmap;
}
}
}
// This method iterates through the reusable bitmaps, looking for one
// to use for inBitmap:
protected Bitmap getBitmapFromReusableSet(BitmapFactory.Options options) {
Bitmap bitmap = null;
if (mReusableBitmaps != null && !mReusableBitmaps.isEmpty()) {
synchronized (mReusableBitmaps) {
final Iterator<SoftReference<Bitmap>> iterator
= mReusableBitmaps.iterator();
Bitmap item;
while (iterator.hasNext()) {
item = iterator.next().get();
if (null != item && item.isMutable()) {
// Check to see it the item can be used for inBitmap.
if (canUseForInBitmap(item, options)) {
bitmap = item;
// Remove from reusable set so it can't be used again.
iterator.remove();
break;
}
} else {
// Remove from the set if the reference has been cleared.
iterator.remove();
}
}
}
}
return bitmap;
}
最后,通过下面方法来判断当前的bitmap是否满足使用
inBitmap的尺寸要求。
static boolean canUseForInBitmap(
Bitmap candidate, BitmapFactory.Options targetOptions) {
if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.KITKAT) {
// From Android 4.4 (KitKat) onward we can re-use if the byte size of
// the new bitmap is smaller than the reusable bitmap candidate
// allocation byte count.
int width = targetOptions.outWidth / targetOptions.inSampleSize;
int height = targetOptions.outHeight / targetOptions.inSampleSize;
int byteCount = width * height * getBytesPerPixel(candidate.getConfig());
return byteCount <= candidate.getAllocationByteCount();
}
// On earlier versions, the dimensions must match exactly and the inSampleSize must be 1
return candidate.getWidth() == targetOptions.outWidth
&& candidate.getHeight() == targetOptions.outHeight
&& targetOptions.inSampleSize == 1;
}
/**
* A helper function to return the byte usage per pixel of a bitmap based on its configuration.
*/
static int getBytesPerPixel(Config config) {
if (config == Config.ARGB_8888) {
return 4;
} else if (config == Config.RGB_565) {
return 2;
} else if (config == Config.ARGB_4444) {
return 2;
} else if (config == Config.ALPHA_8) {
return 1;
}
return 1;
}
本文翻译自Android官方文档,原文地址为http://developer.android.com/training/displaying-bitmaps/manage-memory.html