1.函数目录
函数名 功能 help 查看指定对象的帮助信息 sum 返回迭代对象相加的结果 dir 列出指定对象的属性信息 bytes 把字符串转为bytes all 判断可选代对象的每个元素是否都为True值,返回布尔类型 any 判断可迭代对象的元素是否有为True值的元素,返回布尔类型 enumerate 用于将一个可遍历的数据对象(如列表、元组或字符串)组合为一个索引序列,同时列出数据和数据下标 zip 合并多个序列类型 filter 根据提供的函数返回为真的一个新序列 map 根据提供的函数对指定序列做映射 sorted 对指定的序列进行排序 callable 用来检测对象是否可被调用,返回布尔类型 globals 函数会以字典格式返回当前位置的全部全局变量 locals 返回本地作用域中的所有名字 getattr 函数用于返回一个对象属性值 hasattr 用于判断对象是否包含对应的属性 delattr 用于删除属性 setattr 用于设置属性值,该属性不一定是存在的 iter 用来生成迭代器 next 返回可迭代对象中的下一个元素值 super 用于调用父类(超类)的一个方法
2.函数详解
(1)help
help ( print )
Help on built- in function print in module builtins:
print ( . . . )
print ( value, . . . , sep= ' ' , end= '\n' , file = sys. stdout, flush= False )
Prints the values to a stream, or to sys. stdout by default.
Optional keyword arguments:
file : a file - like object ( stream) ; defaults to the current sys. stdout.
sep: string inserted between values, default a space.
end: string appended after the last value, default a newline.
flush: whether to forcibly flush the stream.
(2)sum
sum ( [ 11 , 22 , 33 ] )
sum ( [ 11 , 22 , 33 ] , 100 )
66
166
(3)dir
dir ( [ ] )
[ '__add__' , '__class__' , '__contains__' , '__delattr__' , '__delitem__' , '__dir__' , '__doc__' , '__eq__' , '__format__' , '__ge__' , '__getattribute__' , '__getitem__' , '__gt__' , '__hash__' , '__iadd__' , '__imul__' , '__init__' , '__init_subclass__' , '__iter__' , '__le__' , '__len__' , '__lt__' , '__mul__' , '__ne__' , '__new__' , '__reduce__' , '__reduce_ex__' , '__repr__' , '__reversed__' , '__rmul__' , '__setattr__' , '__setitem__' , '__sizeof__' , '__str__' , '__subclasshook__' , 'append' , 'clear' , 'copy' , 'count' , 'extend' , 'index' , 'insert' , 'pop' , 'remove' , 'reverse' , 'sort' ]
(4)bytes
bytes ( "内置函数" , encoding= "utf-8" )
b'\xe5\x86\x85\xe7\xbd\xae\xe5\x87\xbd\xe6\x95\xb0'
(5)all
功能:判断可选代对象的每个元素是否都为True值,返回布尔类型
all ( [ 11 , 22 , 33 ] )
all ( [ 11 , 22 , 33 , 0 ] )
all ( [ 11 , 22 , 33 , [ ] ] )
True
False
False
(6)any
功能:判断可迭代对象的元素是否有为True值的元素,返回布尔类型
any ( [ 11 , 0 , 0 , 0 ] )
any ( [ 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 ] )
True
False
(7)enumerate
功能:用于将一个可遍历的数据对象(如列表、元组或字符串)组合为一个索引序列,同时列出数据和数据下标
for i in enumerate ( [ 11 , 22 , 33 ] ) :
print ( i)
( 0 , 11 )
( 1 , 22 )
( 2 , 33 )
(8)zip
a= zip ( [ 1 , 2 , 3 ] , [ "a" , "b" , "c" ] )
a
list ( a)
b= zip ( [ 1 , 2 , 3 ] , [ "a" , "b" ] )
list ( b)
< zip object at 0x000001737E5D3A00 >
[ ( 1 , 'a' ) , ( 2 , 'b' ) , ( 3 , 'c' ) ]
[ ( 1 , 'a' ) , ( 2 , 'b' ) ]
(9)filter
功能:根据提供的函数返回为真的一个新序列 相当于过滤器
a= [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ]
temp= filter ( lambda x: x% 2 == 0 , a)
temp
list ( temp)
def f ( x) :
return x% 2 == 0
temp= filter ( f, a)
list ( temp)
< filter object at 0x000001737E54F5E0 >
[ 2 , 4 ]
[ 2 , 4 ]
(10)map
temp= map ( lambda x: x+ 1 , [ 1 , 2 , 3 ] )
temp
list ( temp)
temp= map ( lambda x, y: x+ y, [ 1 , 2 , 3 ] , [ 11 , 22 , 33 ] )
list ( temp)
< map object at 0x00000148DBB48790 >
[ 2 , 3 , 4 ]
[ 12 , 24 , 36 ]
(11)sorted
sorted ( [ 22 , 5 , 9 , 11 ] )
sorted ( [ 22 , 5 , 9 , 11 ] , reverse= True )
dt= { "huawei" : 123 , "zw" : 45 , "lenovo" : 78 }
sorted ( dt. items( ) , key= lambda x: x[ 1 ] )
sorted ( dt. items( ) , key= lambda x: x[ 1 ] , reverse= True )
[ 5 , 9 , 11 , 22 ]
[ 22 , 11 , 9 , 5 ]
[ ( 'zw' , 45 ) , ( 'lenovo' , 78 ) , ( 'huawei' , 123 ) ]
[ ( 'huawei' , 123 ) , ( 'lenovo' , 78 ) , ( 'zw' , 45 ) ]
(12)callable
a= 1
def f ( x) :
return x% 2 == 0
callable ( a)
callable ( f)
callable ( print )
False
True
True
(13)globals
a= 1
print ( globals ( ) )
{ '__name__' : '__main__' , '__doc__' : None , '__package__' : None , '__loader__' : < class '_frozen_importlib.BuiltinImporter' > , '__spec__' : None , '__annotations__' : { } , '__builtins__' : < module 'builtins' ( built- in ) > , 'a' : 1 }
(14)locals
def add ( a, b) :
print ( locals ( ) )
return a+ b
add( 11 , 22 )
{ 'a' : 11 , 'b' : 22 }
(15)getattr
a= [ 11 , 22 , 33 ]
getattr ( a, "append" )
getattr ( a, "append" ) ( 55 )
a
< built- in method append of list object at 0x00000236F36D6AC0 >
[ 11 , 22 , 33 , 55 ]
(16)hasattr
a= [ 11 , 22 , 33 ]
hasattr ( a, "append" )
hasattr ( a, "append1" )
True
False
(17)delattr
class A ( object ) :
def __init__ ( self, name, age) :
self. name = name
self. age = age
a = A( "hhh" , 66 )
print dir ( a)
delattr ( a, "age" )
print dir ( a)
[ '__doc__' , '__init__' , '__module__' , 'age' , 'name' ]
[ '__doc__' , '__init__' , '__module__' , 'name' ]
(18)setattr
class A ( object ) :
name = "xiaoniao"
a = A( )
setattr ( a, "age" , 33 )
print ( a. age)
33
(19)iter
a= [ 11 , 22 , 33 ]
type ( a)
a= iter ( a)
type ( a)
< class 'list' >
< class 'list_iterator' >
(20)next
a= [ 11 , 22 , 33 ]
a= iter ( a)
next ( a)
next ( a)
next ( a)
11
22
33
(21)super
class A ( object ) :
def __init__ ( self) :
print ( "A1" )
print ( "A2" )
class B ( A) :
def __init__ ( self) :
print ( "B1" )
super ( B, self) . __init__( )
print ( "B2" )
b= B( )
B1
A1
A2
B2