1、首先要搭建环境
这里需要numpy、scipy、matplotlib三个库,下载地址如下,双击安装即可:
(需要注意python的版本号和32/64位)
numpy:http://sourceforge.net/projects/numpy/files/NumPy/1.7.0/
matplotlab:http://sourceforge.net/projects/matplotlib/files/matplotlib/matplotlib-1.1.1/
scipy:http://sourceforge.net/projects/scipy/files/scipy/0.12.0/
然后来个最简单的例子:
import pylab as pl
listOfInt = []
for c in range(10):
listOfInt.append(c*2)
print listOfInt
pl.plot(listOfInt)
pl.show()
这个程序相当于绘制y=2x的图像
结果如下:
2、k-邻近算法
kNN算法非常简单,不再详述它的思路。这段代码来自《机器学习实战》一书,感觉数据集挺理想化的,分类出来效果还是不错的。
代码中只对classify0做了详细注释,其他部分不太重要,我们可以忽略。
测试代码:
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from numpy import *
import operator
import matplotlib
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from os import listdir
def createDatabase():
groups=array([[1.0,1,1],[1.0,1.0],[0,0],[0,0.1]])
labels=['A','A','B','B']
return groups,labels
def classify0(inX, dataSet, labels, k):
dataSetSize = dataSet.shape[0] #shape[0]就是读取矩阵第一维度的长度
diffMat = tile(inX, (dataSetSize,1)) - dataSet #tile:构造dataSetSize*1个copy
sqDiffMat = diffMat**2 #各个项平方
sqDistances = sqDiffMat.sum(axis=1)#sum(axis=0),普通相加;axis=1,将一个矩阵的每一行向量相加
distances = sqDistances**0.5 #开根
sortedDistIndicies = distances.argsort() #argsort:返回排序的位次,参考补充1
classCount={}
for i in range(k): #这是一段计数过程
voteIlabel = labels[sortedDistIndicies[i]]
classCount[voteIlabel] = classCount.get(voteIlabel,0) + 1
#sorted参考python下相关日志
sortedClassCount = sorted(classCount.iteritems(), key=operator.itemgetter(1), reverse=True)
#iteritor是迭代器的意思,一次返回一个数据项,直到没有为止
#operator模块提供的itemgetter函数用于获取对象的哪些维的数据,参数为一些序号(即需要获取的数据在对象中的序号)
return sortedClassCount[0][0]
def file2matrix(filename):
fr = open(filename)
numberOfLines = len(fr.readlines()) #get the number of lines in the file
returnMat = zeros((numberOfLines,3)) #prepare matrix to return
classLabelVector = [] #prepare labels return
fr = open(filename)
index = 0
for line in fr.readlines():
line = line.strip()
listFromLine = line.split('\t')
returnMat[index,:] = listFromLine[0:3]
classLabelVector.append(int(listFromLine[-1]))
index += 1
return returnMat,classLabelVector
def autoNorm(dataSet):
minVals = dataSet.min(0)
maxVals = dataSet.max(0)
ranges = maxVals - minVals
normDataSet = zeros(shape(dataSet))
m = dataSet.shape[0]
normDataSet = dataSet - tile(minVals, (m,1))
normDataSet = normDataSet/tile(ranges, (m,1)) #element wise divide
return normDataSet, ranges, minVals
def datingClassTest():
hoRatio = 0.50 #hold out 10%
datingDataMat,datingLabels = file2matrix('datingTestSet2.txt') #load data setfrom file
normMat, ranges, minVals = autoNorm(datingDataMat)
m = normMat.shape[0]
numTestVecs = int(m*hoRatio)
errorCount = 0.0
for i in range(numTestVecs):
classifierResult = classify0(normMat[i,:],normMat[numTestVecs:m,:],datingLabels[numTestVecs:m],3)
print "the classifier came back with: %d, the real answer is: %d" % (classifierResult, datingLabels[i])
if (classifierResult != datingLabels[i]): errorCount += 1.0
print "the total error rate is: %f" % (errorCount/float(numTestVecs))
print errorCount
def img2vector(filename):
returnVect = zeros((1,1024))
fr = open(filename)
for i in range(32):
lineStr = fr.readline()
for j in range(32):
returnVect[0,32*i+j] = int(lineStr[j])
return returnVect
def handwritingClassTest():
hwLabels = []
trainingFileList = listdir('trainingDigits') #load the training set
m = len(trainingFileList)
trainingMat = zeros((m,1024))
for i in range(m):
fileNameStr = trainingFileList[i]
fileStr = fileNameStr.split('.')[0] #take off .txt
classNumStr = int(fileStr.split('_')[0])
hwLabels.append(classNumStr)
trainingMat[i,:] = img2vector('trainingDigits/%s' % fileNameStr)
testFileList = listdir('testDigits') #iterate through the test set
errorCount = 0.0
mTest = len(testFileList)
for i in range(mTest):
fileNameStr = testFileList[i]
fileStr = fileNameStr.split('.')[0] #take off .txt
classNumStr = int(fileStr.split('_')[0])
vectorUnderTest = img2vector('testDigits/%s' % fileNameStr)
classifierResult = classify0(vectorUnderTest, trainingMat, hwLabels, 3)
print "the classifier came back with: %d, the real answer is: %d" % (classifierResult, classNumStr)
if (classifierResult != classNumStr): errorCount += 1.0
print "\nthe total number of errors is: %d" % errorCount
print "\nthe total error rate is: %f" % (errorCount/float(mTest))
if __name__ == "__main__":
#约会测试
datingClassTest()
#手写测试
handwritingClassTest()
测试结果:
约会:the total error rate is: 0.064000
手写数字:the total error rate is: 0.011628
感觉挺准的,有点离谱了
我猜想数据集是线性可分的(或者近似线性可分),才会得到这么好的结果。
如图,分的还是挺开的。