DAY22：leetcode #51 N-Queens

The n-queens puzzle is the problem of placing n queens on an n×n chessboard such that no two queens attack each other.

Given an integer n, return all distinct solutions to the n-queens puzzle.

Each solution contains a distinct board configuration of the n-queens' placement, where 'Q' and '.' both indicate a queen and an empty space respectively.

For example,
There exist two distinct solutions to the 4-queens puzzle:

[
 [".Q..",  // Solution 1
  "...Q",
  "Q...",
  "..Q."],

 ["..Q.",  // Solution 2
  "Q...",
  "...Q",
  ".Q.."]
]

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class Solution(object):
    def solveNQueens(self, n):
        """
        :type n: int
        :rtype: List[List[str]]
        """
        def check(k, j):  # check if the kth queen can be put in column j!
            for i in range(k):
                if board[i]==j or abs(k-i)==abs(board[i]-j):
                    return False
            return True
        def dfs(depth, valuelist):
            if depth==n: res.append(valuelist); return
            for i in range(n):
                if check(depth,i): 
                    board[depth]=i
                    s='.'*n
                    dfs(depth+1, valuelist+[s[:i]+'Q'+s[i+1:]])
        board=[-1 for i in range(n)]
        res=[]
        dfs(0,[])
        return res
        

这个解法类似于深度优先搜索，使用board表示棋盘很有技巧：比如board=[1, 3, 0, 2]，这是4皇后问题的一个解，意思是：在第0行，皇后放在第1列；在第1行，皇后放在第3列；在第2行，皇后放在第0列；在第3行，皇后放在第2列。

通过深度优先遍历，找到所有可能答案。