一. 什么是JPA
JPA是sun官方提出的Java持久化规范, 它为Java开发人员提供了一种对象/关系映射工具来管理Java应用中的关系数据,
它的出现主要是为了简化现有的持久化开发工作和整合ORM技术.
JPA总体思想和现有的Hibernate、TopLink等ORM框架大体一致. 总的来说, JPA包括以下3方面的技术:
1. ORM映射元数据(JPA支持XML和注解两种元数据的形式) - 元数据描述对象和表之间的映射关系.
2. Java持久化API: 用来操作实体对象, 执行CRUD操作,框架在后台替我们完成所有的事情, 开发者可以从繁琐的JDBC和SQL代码中解脱出来.
3. 查询语句: 通过面向对象而非面向数据库的查询语句查询数据, 避免程序和SQL语句紧密耦合.
二. JPA实例:
1. 代码结构图:
2. 配置persistence.xml
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<persistence xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence
http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence/persistence_1_0.xsd" version="1.0">
<persistence-unit name="test" transaction-type="RESOURCE_LOCAL">
<provider>org.hibernate.ejb.HibernatePersistence</provider>
<properties>
<property name="hibernate.dialect" value="org.hibernate.dialect.MySQL5Dialect"/>
<property name="hibernate.connection.driver_class" value="org.gjt.mm.mysql.Driver"/>
<property name="hibernate.connection.username" value="root"/>
<property name="hibernate.connection.password" value="root"/>
<property name="hibernate.connection.url"
value="jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/jpa?useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=UTF-8"/>
<property name="hibernate.max_fetch_depth" value="3"/>
<property name="hibernate.hbm2ddl.auto" value="update"/>
</properties>
</persistence-unit>
</persistence>
JPA规范要求在类路径的META-INF目录下放置persistence.xml,文件的名称是固定的
3. 实体类
(1) Person:
@Entity
@Table(name = "person")
public class Person {
private Integer id;
private String name;
private Date birthday;
private Gender gender = Gender.MAN;
private String info;
private Byte[] file;
private String imagepath;
public Person() {
}
public Person(String name, Date d) {
this.name = name;
this.birthday = d;
}
@Id
@GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.AUTO)
public Integer getId() {
return id;
}
public void setId(Integer id) {
this.id = id;
}
@Column(length = 20, nullable = false, name = "personName")
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
@Temporal(TemporalType.DATE)
public Date getBirthday() {
return birthday;
}
public void setBirthday(Date birthday) {
this.birthday = birthday;
}
@Enumerated(EnumType.STRING)
@Column(length = 5, nullable = false)
public Gender getGender() {
return gender;
}
public void setGender(Gender gender) {
this.gender = gender;
}
@Lob
public String getInfo() {
return info;
}
public void setInfo(String info) {
this.info = info;
}
@Lob
@Basic(fetch = FetchType.LAZY)
public Byte[] getFile() {
return file;
}
public void setFile(Byte[] file) {
this.file = file;
}
@Transient
public String getImagepath() {
return imagepath;
}
public void setImagepath(String imagepath) {
this.imagepath = imagepath;
}
}
public enum Gender {
MAN, WOMAN
}
4. 测试代码
public class PersonTest {
private static EntityManager em;
private static EntityManagerFactory factory;
@BeforeClass
public static void before() throws Exception {
factory = Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory("test");
em = factory.createEntityManager();
}
@AfterClass
public static void after() throws Exception {
em.close();
factory.close();
}
@Test
public void save() {
em.getTransaction().begin();
em.persist(new Person("wangwu", new Date()));
em.getTransaction().commit();
}
@Test
public void getPerson1() {
Person person = em.find(Person.class, 1); // get()
System.out.println(person.getName());
}
@Test
public void getPerson2() {
Person person = em.getReference(Person.class, 2); // load()
System.out.println(person.getName());
}
@Test
public void updatePerson1() {
em.getTransaction().begin();
Person person = em.find(Person.class, 1);
person.setName("老张");
em.getTransaction().commit();
}
@Test
public void updatePerson2() {
em.getTransaction().begin();
Person person = em.find(Person.class, 1);
em.clear(); // 把实体变成游离状态
person.setName("老王");
em.merge(person); // 用于把游离状态的对象更新同步到数据库
em.getTransaction().commit();
}
@Test
public void delete() {
em.getTransaction().begin();
Person person = em.find(Person.class, 1);
em.remove(person); // 把托管状态的实体删掉
em.getTransaction().commit();
}
@Test
public void query() {
Query query = em.createQuery("select o from Person o where o.id=?1");
query.setParameter(1, 2);
Person person = (Person) query.getSingleResult();
System.out.println(person.getName());
}
@Test
public void deletequery() {
em.getTransaction().begin();
Query query = em.createQuery("delete from Person o where o.id=?1");
query.setParameter(1, 2); // id为2的删除
query.executeUpdate();
em.getTransaction().commit();
}
@Test
public void updatequery() {
em.getTransaction().begin();
Query query = em.createQuery("update Person o set o.name=:name where o.id=:id");
query.setParameter("name", "xxx");
query.setParameter("id", 3);
query.executeUpdate();
em.getTransaction().commit();
}
}
三. 总结:
JPA不是一种新的ORM框架,他的出现只是用于规范现有的ORM技术,他不能取代现有的Hibernate、TopLink等ORM框架。相反,在采用JPA开发时,我们仍将使用到这些ORM框架,只是此时开发出来的应用不再依赖于某个持久化提供商。应用可以在不修改代码的情况下在任何JPA环境下运行,真正做到低耦合,可扩展的程序设计。