c+primer

内联函数应该在头文件中定义，这一点不同于其他函数。

编译器隐式地将在类内定义的成员函数当作内联函数

每个成员函数（static 成员函数外）都有一个额外的、隐含的形参 this。在调用成员函数时，形参 this 初始化为调用函数的对象的地址。

IO 类型在三个独立的头文件中定义：iostream 定义读写控制窗口的类型，fstream 定义读写已命名文件的类型，而 sstream 所定义的类型则用于读写存储在内存中的 string 对象。在 fstream 和 sstream 里定义的每种类型都是从 iostream 头文件中定义的相关类型派生而来。

如果函数有基类类型的引用形参时，可以给函数传递其派生类型的对象

每个 IO 对象管理一个缓冲区，用于存储程序读写的数据。

假设 ifile 和 ofile 是存储希望读写的文件名的 strings 对象，可如下编写代码：

// construct an ifstream and bind it to the file named ifile 
ifstream infile(ifile.c_str()); 
// ofstream output file object to write file named ofile 
ofstream outfile(ofile.c_str()); 

/ for each file in the vector 
while (it != files.end()) { 
ifstream input(it->c_str()); // open the file; 
// if the file is ok, read and "process" the input 
if (!input) 
break; // error: bail out! 
while(input >> s) // do the work on this file 
process(s); 
++it; // increment iterator to get 
next file 
} 

对于用 ofstream 打开的文件，要保存文件中存在的数据，唯一方法是显式地指定 app 模式打开：

// output mode by default; truncates file named "file1" 
ofstream outfile("file1"); 
// equivalent effect: "file1" is explicitly truncated 
ofstream outfile2("file1", ofstream::out | ofstream::trunc); 
// append mode; adds new data at end of existing file named "file2" 
ofstream appfile("file2", ofstream::app);

// opens in binding it to the given file 
ifstream& open_file(ifstream &in, const string &file) 
{ 
in.close(); // close in case it was already open 
in.clear(); // clear any existing errors 
// if the open fails, the stream will be in an invalid state 
in.open(file.c_str()); // open the file we were given 
return in; // condition state is good if open succeeded
} 

iostream 标准库支持内存中的输入／输出，只要将流与存储在程序内存中的 string 对象捆绑起来即可

string line, word; // will hold a line and word from input, 
respectively 
while (getline(cin, line)) { // read a line from the 
input into line 
// do per-line processing 
istringstream stream(line); // bind to streamto the 
line we read 
while (stream >> word){ // read a word from line 
// do per-word processing 
} 
} 

sstream 输入和输出操作可自动地把算术类型转化为相应的 string 表示形式，反过来也可以。

int val1 = 512, val2 = 1024; 
ostringstream format_message; 
// ok: converts values to a string representation 
format_message << "val1: " << val1 << "\n" 
<< "val2: " << val2 << "\n"; 

// str member obtains the string associated with a stringstream 
istringstream input_istring(format_message.str()); 
string dump; // place to dump the labels from the formatted message 
// extracts the stored ascii values, converting back to arithmetic 
types 
input_istring >> dump >> val1 >> dump >> val2; 
cout << val1 << " " << val2 << endl; // prints 512 1024