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1、JSP的由来
在JSP出现之前，为了实现动态网页的效果，服务器端利用 Servlet 的输出流向客户端发送HTML标签以及HTML页面中的内容，但是在多数动态网页中，绝大部分内容是静态的，只有少量内容需要动态实现。但是为了这少量的动态内容，程序猿依然要用Servlet 输出其中所有的静态内容，这就使得整个Servlet 程序代码非常臃肿，导致Servlet 的开发效率非常低下。
为了弥补Servlet 的缺陷，SUN公司在Servlet 的基础上推出了JSP（Java Server Pages）技术作为解决方案。JSP是简化Servlet 编写的一种技术，它由态部分和动态部分两部分组成，静态部分用于写入标准的HTML标签及内容；动态部分就是嵌入的Java代码与JSP动态标签了。通过这种方式，使静态的部分直接使用HTML代码编写，对于动态的内容则使用 JAVA 脚本编写。
对于Servlet 来说，无论动态、静态都用Java代码编写；而JSP则将静态的分出来，全部用HTML写（底层还是使用Java包装）；动态的用Java 写。究其本质还是一样的，所以说，JSP的本质就是一种特殊的Servlet 。
2、JSP的语法
JSP = HTML + Java 脚本 + JSP 标签(指令)，JSP中三种Java 脚本：
● <%...%>：Java代码片段，用于定义0~N条Java 语句，方法中能够写什么，这里面就能放什么；
● <%= %>：Java 表达式，用于输出一条表达式或变量的结果。 response.getWriter().print() 方法中能够写什么，这里面就能够写什么；
● <%! … %> ：声明，用来创建类的成员变量和成员方法，Java 类中能够写什么，这里面就能够写什么，要注意的是，里面的内容不在 _jspService() 方法之内，直接被JSP转化后的类体包含。
3、JSP 原理
前面已经阐述过，JSP的本质实质是一种特殊形式的 Servlet ：
● 当用户访问一个JSP页面时，会向 Servlet 容器（这里是Tomcat）发出请求；
● 如果这个JSP页面是第一次被访问或者这个页面被改动过时，服务器会把JSP 编译成 .java文件，当然，这个.java 就是一个servlet类，然后再把 .java 文件编译成.class 文件。因为编译会耗费一定时间，所以页面在第一次被访问或改动后被访问时会花费较长的访问时间；
● 创建该类对象，最后由Servlet 容器调用它的service() 方法；
● 第二次请求同一JSP时，直接调用service() 方法。
4、验证JSP原理
首先，我们来写一个hello.jsp文件：
- <span style="font-size:18px;">
- <%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>
- <%@ taglib prefix="c" uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/core" %>
- <%
- String s = request.getHeader("User-Agent");
- %>
- <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
- <html>
- <head>
- <title>My JSP 'a.jsp' starting page</title>
- <meta http-equiv="pragma" content="no-cache">
- <meta http-equiv="cache-control" content="no-cache">
- <meta http-equiv="expires" content="0">
- <meta http-equiv="keywords" content="keyword1,keyword2,keyword3">
- <meta http-equiv="description" content="This is my page">
- <!--
- <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="styles.css">
- -->
- </head>
- <body>
- <table border="1" align="center" width="50%">
- <tr>
- <th>姓名</th>
- <th>年龄</th>
- <th>性别</th>
- </tr>
- <%
- for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
- %>
- <tr>
- <td>张三</td>
- <td>18</td>
- <td>男</td>
- </tr>
- <% }%>
- </table>
- <%!
- public void fun1() {
- System.out.println("hello");
- }
- %>
- <%int a = 10; %>
- <%a++; %>
- <%=a %>
- </body>
- </html>
- </span>
<span style="font-size:18px;">
<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>
<%@ taglib prefix="c" uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/core" %>
<%
String s = request.getHeader("User-Agent");
%>
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<title>My JSP 'a.jsp' starting page</title>
<meta http-equiv="pragma" content="no-cache">
<meta http-equiv="cache-control" content="no-cache">
<meta http-equiv="expires" content="0">
<meta http-equiv="keywords" content="keyword1,keyword2,keyword3">
<meta http-equiv="description" content="This is my page">
<!--
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="styles.css">
-->
</head>
<body>
<table border="1" align="center" width="50%">
<tr>
<th>姓名</th>
<th>年龄</th>
<th>性别</th>
</tr>
<%
for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
%>
<tr>
<td>张三</td>
<td>18</td>
<td>男</td>
</tr>
<% }%>
</table>
<%!
public void fun1() {
System.out.println("hello");
}
%>
<%int a = 10; %>
<%a++; %>
<%=a %>
</body>
</html>
</span>- <span style="font-size:18px;">
- /*
- * Generated by the Jasper component of Apache Tomcat
- * Version: Apache Tomcat/7.0.42
- * Generated at: 2015-12-27 10:03:19 UTC
- * Note: The last modified time of this file was set to
- * the last modified time of the source file after
- * generation to assist with modification tracking.
- */
- package org.apache.jsp;
- import javax.servlet.*;
- import javax.servlet.http.*;
- import javax.servlet.jsp.*;
- import java.util.*;
- public final class hello_jsp extends org.apache.jasper.runtime.HttpJspBase
- implements org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspSourceDependent {
- public void fun1() { //要特别注意，这是在<%! %>中定义的方法，没有被放在service方法中
- System.out.println("hello");
- }
- private static final javax.servlet.jsp.JspFactory _jspxFactory =
- javax.servlet.jsp.JspFactory.getDefaultFactory();
- private static java.util.Map<java.lang.String,java.lang.Long> _jspx_dependants;
- private javax.el.ExpressionFactory _el_expressionfactory;
- private org.apache.tomcat.InstanceManager _jsp_instancemanager;
- public java.util.Map<java.lang.String,java.lang.Long> getDependants() {
- return _jspx_dependants;
- }
- public void _jspInit() {
- _el_expressionfactory = _jspxFactory.getJspApplicationContext(getServletConfig().getServletContext()).getExpressionFactory();
- _jsp_instancemanager = org.apache.jasper.runtime.InstanceManagerFactory.getInstanceManager(getServletConfig());
- }
- public void _jspDestroy() {
- }
- public void _jspService(final javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest request, final javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse response)
- throws java.io.IOException, javax.servlet.ServletException { //这是_jspService()方法
- final javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext; //内置对象的初始化
- javax.servlet.http.HttpSession session = null;
- final javax.servlet.ServletContext application;
- final javax.servlet.ServletConfig config;
- javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = null;
- final java.lang.Object page = this;
- javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter _jspx_out = null;
- javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context = null;
- try {
- response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8");
- pageContext = _jspxFactory.getPageContext(this, request, response,
- null, true, 8192, true);
- _jspx_page_context = pageContext;
- application = pageContext.getServletContext();
- config = pageContext.getServletConfig();
- session = pageContext.getSession();
- out = pageContext.getOut();
- _jspx_out = out;
- out.write("\r\n");
- out.write("\r\n");
- out.write("\r\n");
- String s = request.getHeader("User-Agent"); //它的原身是<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">String s = request.getHeader("User-Agent");，被直接拿过来了</span>
- out.write("\r\n");
- out.write("\r\n");
- out.write("<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN\">\r\n");
- out.write("<html>\r\n"); //这些都是HTML代码，底层被包装成和Servlet 一样的实现方式
- out.write(" <head>\r\n");
- out.write(" <title>My JSP 'a.jsp' starting page</title>\r\n");
- out.write(" \r\n");
- out.write("\t<meta http-equiv=\"pragma\" content=\"no-cache\">\r\n");
- out.write("\t<meta http-equiv=\"cache-control\" content=\"no-cache\">\r\n");
- out.write("\t<meta http-equiv=\"expires\" content=\"0\"> \r\n");
- out.write("\t<meta http-equiv=\"keywords\" content=\"keyword1,keyword2,keyword3\">\r\n");
- out.write("\t<meta http-equiv=\"description\" content=\"This is my page\">\r\n");
- out.write("\t<!--\r\n");
- out.write("\t<link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" href=\"styles.css\">\r\n");
- out.write("\t-->\r\n");
- out.write("\r\n");
- out.write(" </head>\r\n");
- out.write(" \r\n");
- out.write(" <body>\r\n");
- out.write("<table border=\"1\" align=\"center\" width=\"50%\"> \r\n");
- out.write("\t<tr>\r\n");
- out.write("\t <th>姓名</th>\r\n");
- out.write("\t <th>年龄</th>\r\n");
- out.write("\t <th>性别</th>\r\n");
- out.write("\t</tr>\r\n");
- for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { //这也是直接拿过来的
- out.write("\t\r\n");
- out.write("\t<tr>\r\n");
- out.write("\t <td>张三</td>\r\n");
- out.write("\t <td>18</td>\r\n");
- out.write("\t <td>男</td>\r\n");
- out.write("\t</tr>\r\n");
- }
- out.write("\r\n");
- out.write("</table>\r\n");
- out.write("\r\n");
- out.write("\r\n");
- out.write("\r\n");
- out.write('\r');
- out.write('\n');
- int a = 10; //这些是定义的变量，可以看到是放在了service方法中的
- out.write("\r\n");
- out.write("\r\n");
- a++;
- out.write("\r\n");
- out.write("\r\n");
- out.print(a );
- out.write("\r\n");
- out.write("\r\n");
- out.write(" </body>\r\n");
- out.write("</html>\r\n");
- } catch (java.lang.Throwable t) {
- if (!(t instanceof javax.servlet.jsp.SkipPageException)){
- out = _jspx_out;
- if (out != null && out.getBufferSize() != 0)
- try { out.clearBuffer(); } catch (java.io.IOException e) {}
- if (_jspx_page_context != null) _jspx_page_context.handlePageException(t);
- else throw new ServletException(t);
- }
- } finally {
- _jspxFactory.releasePageContext(_jspx_page_context);
- }
- }
- }
- </span>
<span style="font-size:18px;">
/*
* Generated by the Jasper component of Apache Tomcat
* Version: Apache Tomcat/7.0.42
* Generated at: 2015-12-27 10:03:19 UTC
* Note: The last modified time of this file was set to
* the last modified time of the source file after
* generation to assist with modification tracking.
*/
package org.apache.jsp;
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
import javax.servlet.jsp.*;
import java.util.*;
public final class hello_jsp extends org.apache.jasper.runtime.HttpJspBase
implements org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspSourceDependent {
public void fun1() { //要特别注意，这是在<%! %>中定义的方法，没有被放在service方法中
System.out.println("hello");
}
private static final javax.servlet.jsp.JspFactory _jspxFactory =
javax.servlet.jsp.JspFactory.getDefaultFactory();
private static java.util.Map<java.lang.String,java.lang.Long> _jspx_dependants;
private javax.el.ExpressionFactory _el_expressionfactory;
private org.apache.tomcat.InstanceManager _jsp_instancemanager;
public java.util.Map<java.lang.String,java.lang.Long> getDependants() {
return _jspx_dependants;
}
public void _jspInit() {
_el_expressionfactory = _jspxFactory.getJspApplicationContext(getServletConfig().getServletContext()).getExpressionFactory();
_jsp_instancemanager = org.apache.jasper.runtime.InstanceManagerFactory.getInstanceManager(getServletConfig());
}
public void _jspDestroy() {
}
public void _jspService(final javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest request, final javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse response)
throws java.io.IOException, javax.servlet.ServletException { //这是_jspService()方法
final javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext; //内置对象的初始化
javax.servlet.http.HttpSession session = null;
final javax.servlet.ServletContext application;
final javax.servlet.ServletConfig config;
javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = null;
final java.lang.Object page = this;
javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter _jspx_out = null;
javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context = null;
try {
response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8");
pageContext = _jspxFactory.getPageContext(this, request, response,
null, true, 8192, true);
_jspx_page_context = pageContext;
application = pageContext.getServletContext();
config = pageContext.getServletConfig();
session = pageContext.getSession();
out = pageContext.getOut();
_jspx_out = out;
out.write("\r\n");
out.write("\r\n");
out.write("\r\n");
String s = request.getHeader("User-Agent"); //它的原身是<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">String s = request.getHeader("User-Agent");，被直接拿过来了</span>
out.write("\r\n");
out.write("\r\n");
out.write("<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN\">\r\n");
out.write("<html>\r\n"); //这些都是HTML代码，底层被包装成和Servlet 一样的实现方式
out.write(" <head>\r\n");
out.write(" <title>My JSP 'a.jsp' starting page</title>\r\n");
out.write(" \r\n");
out.write("\t<meta http-equiv=\"pragma\" content=\"no-cache\">\r\n");
out.write("\t<meta http-equiv=\"cache-control\" content=\"no-cache\">\r\n");
out.write("\t<meta http-equiv=\"expires\" content=\"0\"> \r\n");
out.write("\t<meta http-equiv=\"keywords\" content=\"keyword1,keyword2,keyword3\">\r\n");
out.write("\t<meta http-equiv=\"description\" content=\"This is my page\">\r\n");
out.write("\t<!--\r\n");
out.write("\t<link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" href=\"styles.css\">\r\n");
out.write("\t-->\r\n");
out.write("\r\n");
out.write(" </head>\r\n");
out.write(" \r\n");
out.write(" <body>\r\n");
out.write("<table border=\"1\" align=\"center\" width=\"50%\"> \r\n");
out.write("\t<tr>\r\n");
out.write("\t <th>姓名</th>\r\n");
out.write("\t <th>年龄</th>\r\n");
out.write("\t <th>性别</th>\r\n");
out.write("\t</tr>\r\n");
for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { //这也是直接拿过来的
out.write("\t\r\n");
out.write("\t<tr>\r\n");
out.write("\t <td>张三</td>\r\n");
out.write("\t <td>18</td>\r\n");
out.write("\t <td>男</td>\r\n");
out.write("\t</tr>\r\n");
}
out.write("\r\n");
out.write("</table>\r\n");
out.write("\r\n");
out.write("\r\n");
out.write("\r\n");
out.write('\r');
out.write('\n');
int a = 10; //这些是定义的变量，可以看到是放在了service方法中的
out.write("\r\n");
out.write("\r\n");
a++;
out.write("\r\n");
out.write("\r\n");
out.print(a );
out.write("\r\n");
out.write("\r\n");
out.write(" </body>\r\n");
out.write("</html>\r\n");
} catch (java.lang.Throwable t) {
if (!(t instanceof javax.servlet.jsp.SkipPageException)){
out = _jspx_out;
if (out != null && out.getBufferSize() != 0)
try { out.clearBuffer(); } catch (java.io.IOException e) {}
if (_jspx_page_context != null) _jspx_page_context.handlePageException(t);
else throw new ServletException(t);
}
} finally {
_jspxFactory.releasePageContext(_jspx_page_context);
}
}
}
</span>其次，在<% %> 和 <%= %> 脚本中定义的Java 代码都会放在JSP 的 _jspService() 方法中（实际上就是Servlet中的service 方法），而<%! %> 脚本中定义的却会放到 hello_jsp 类的成员位置的，这一点很重要，因为JSP中鼎鼎大名的九大内置对象是在_jspService() 方法中初始化的，只有在本方法中才能够使用内置对象，所以<%! %> 脚本中是不能使用内置对象的（在实际开发中，本脚本很少用到）。
5、JSP和HTML、Servlet 的比较
● Servlet：
缺点：不适合设置html响应体，需要大量的response.getWriter().print("<html>")
优点：动态资源，可以编程。
● HTML：
缺点：html是静态页面，不能包含动态信息
优点：不用为输出html标签而发愁
● JSP：
优点：在原有html的基础上添加java脚本，构成jsp页面。
6、JSP 和 Servlet 的分工
在设计中，JSP和Servlet 是相互配合使用的，其分工为：
● JSP：
作为请求发起页面，例如显示表单、超链接，并将请求发给 Servlet ；
作为请求结束页面，例如显示数据。
● Servlet：
作为请求中处理数据的环节。
小结：JSP页面必须要在JSP服务器内运行，如tomcat weblogic,jboss（这些都是 apache 中的子项目，apache是 Web 应用服务器，而 tomcat 等可以说是JSP或 Servle 的 Web 容器，简称Servlet 容器)等；JSP页面的访问者无须安装任何客户端，也不需要运行Java 环境，因为JSP页面输送到客户端的是标准HTML页面。
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