GRASP原则

来源:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRASP_%28object-oriented_design%29

GRASP (object-oriented design)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

General Responsibility Assignment Software Patterns (or Principles), abbreviated GRASP, consists of guidelines for assigning responsibility to classes and objects inobject-oriented design.

The different patterns and principles used in GRASP are: Information Expert, Creator, Controller, LowCoupling, High Cohesion, Polymorphism, Pure Fabrication, Indirection, Protected Variations. All these patterns answer somesoftware problem, and in almost every case these problems are common to almost everysoftware development project. These techniques have not been invented to create new ways of working but to better document and standardize old, tried-and-testedprogramming principles in object oriented design.

It has been said that "the critical design tool for software development is a mind well educated in design principles. It is not theUML or any other technology".^[1] Thus, GRASP is really a mental toolset, a learning aid to help in the design of object oriented software.

Patterns

Creator

See also: Factory pattern

Creation of objects is one of the most common activities in an object-oriented system. Which class is responsible for creating objects is a fundamental property of the relationship between objects of particular classes. Simply "Creator pattern is responsible for creating an object of class".

In general, a class B should be responsible for creating instances of class A if one, or preferably more, of the following apply:

• Instances of B contains or compositely aggregates instances of A
• Instances of B record instances of A
• Instances of B closely use instances of A
• Instances of B have the initializing information for instances of A and pass it on creation.

Information Expert

See also: Information hiding

Information Expert is a principle used to determine where to delegate responsibilities. These responsibilities include methods, computed fields and so on.

Using the principle of Information Expert a general approach to assigning responsibilities is to look at a given responsibility, determine the information needed to fulfill it, and then determine where that information is stored.

Information Expert will lead to placing the responsibility on the class with the most information required to fulfill it.^[2]

Controller

See also: Model–view–controller

The Controller pattern assigns the responsibility of dealing with system events to a non-UI class that represent the overall system or ause case scenario. A Controller object is a non-user interface object responsible for receiving or handling a system event.

A use case controller should be used to deal with all system events of a use case, and may be used for more than one use case (for instance, for use casesCreate User and Delete User, one can have one UserController, instead of two separate use case controllers).

It is defined as the first object beyond the UI layer that receives and coordinates ("controls") a system operation. The controller should delegate to other objects the work that needs to be done; it coordinates or controls the activity. It should not do much work itself. The GRASP Controller can be thought of as being a part of the Application/Service layer^[3] (assuming that the application has made an explicit distinction between the Application/Service layer and the Domain layer) in an object-oriented system with common layers.

Low Coupling

Main article: loose coupling

Low Coupling is an evaluative pattern, which dictates how to assign responsibilities to support:

• low dependency between classes;
• low impact in a class of changes in other classes;
• high reuse potential;

High Cohesion

Main article: cohesion (computer science)

High Cohesion is an evaluative pattern that attempts to keep objects appropriately focused, manageable and understandable. High cohesion is generally used in support of Low Coupling. High cohesion means that the responsibilities of a given element are strongly related and highly focused. Breaking programs into classes and subsystems is an example of activities that increase the cohesive properties of a system. Alternatively, low cohesion is a situation in which a given element has too many unrelated responsibilities. Elements with low cohesion often suffer from being hard to comprehend, hard to reuse, hard to maintain and adverse to change.^[4]

Polymorphism

Main article: polymorphism in object-oriented programming

According to Polymorphism, responsibility of defining the variation of behaviors based on type is assigned to the types for which this variation happens. This is achieved usingpolymorphic operations.

Pure Fabrication

See also: service (systems architecture)

A Pure Fabrication is a class that does not represent a concept in the problem domain, specially made up to achieve low coupling, high cohesion, and the reuse potential thereof derived (when a solution presented by theInformation Expert pattern does not). This kind of class is called "Service" inDomain-driven design.

Indirection

See also: delegation pattern

The Indirection pattern supports low coupling (and reuse potential) between two elements by assigning the responsibility of mediation between them to an intermediate object. An example of this is the introduction of a controller component for mediation between data (model) and its representation (view) in the Model-view-controller pattern.

Protected Variations

Main article: delegation pattern

The Protected Variations pattern protects elements from the variations on other elements (objects, systems, subsystems) by wrapping the focus of instability with aninterface and using polymorphism to create various implementations of this interface.