C++的重载、覆盖和隐藏

重载、覆盖、隐藏

1.概念

a)重载

1.相同范围（同一个类中）

2.函数名相同、参数类型不同或参数个数不同

3.virtual关键字可有可无

b)覆盖

1.不同范围（分别在基类和派生类）

2.函数名相同、参数相同

3.基类函数必须有virtual关键字

c)隐藏

1.不同范围（分别在基类和派生类）

2.如果派生类和基类函数名相同，参数不同，这时，不管基类函数有没有virtual关键字，基类函数都被隐藏

3.如果派生类和基类函数名相同，参数相同，没有virtual关键字，基类函数会被隐藏

2.例子

重载：

class Base
{
    public:
        void func(){}
        void func(int a){}
};

覆盖：

class Base
{
    public:
        virtual void func(int a){}
};

class Derived : public Base
{
    public:
        void func(int a){}
};

隐藏：

class Base
{
    public:
        void func(){}
        void func(int a){}
};

class Derived : public Base
{
    public:
        void func(int a){}
};

3.隐藏导致的陷阱

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Base
{
public:
    virtual void vf(float x) { cout << "Base::vf(float) " << x << endl; }
    void g(float x) { cout << "Base::g(float) " << x << endl; }
    void h(float x) {cout << "Base::h(float) " << x << endl; }
};
class Derived : public Base
{
public:
    virtual void vf(float x) { cout << "Derived::vf(float) " << x << endl; }
    void g(int x) { cout << "Derived::g(int) " << x << endl; }
    void h(float x) { cout << "Derived::h(float) " << x << endl; }
};

int main()
{
    Derived d;
    Base *pb = &d;
    Derived *pd = &d;
    // Good : behavior depends solely on type of the object
    pb->vf(3.14); // Derived::vf(float) 3.14
    pd->vf(3.14); // Derived::vf(float) 3.14
    // Bad : behavior depends on type of the pointer
    pb->g(3.14); // Base::g(float) 3.14
    pd->g(3.14); // Derived::g(int) 3 (suprise!)
    // Bad : behavior depends on type of the pointer
    pb->h(3.14); // Base::h(float) 3.14 (suprise!)
    pd->h(3.14); // Derived::h(float) 3.14
    return 0;
}