几个经典的SQL

几个经典的SQL
show parameter undo;
alter tablespace users offline normal;
alter tablespace users offline immediate;
 recover datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf';
 alter tablespace users online ;
select * from dba_rollback_segs;
alter system set undo_tablespace=undotbs1;
/*忽略回滚段的错误提示*/
alter system set undo_suppress_errors=true;
 /*在自动管理模式下,不会真正建立rbs1;在手工管理模式则可以建立,且是私有回滚段*/
create rollback segment rbs1 tablespace undotbs;
desc dbms_flashback;
 /*在提交了修改的数据后,9i提供了旧数据的回闪操作,将修改前的数据只读给用户看,但这部分数据不会又恢复在表中,而是旧数据的一个映射*/
execute dbms_flashback.enable_at_time('26-JAN-04:12:17:00 pm');
execute dbms_flashback.disable;
/*回滚段的统计信息*/
select end_time,begin_time,undoblks from v$undostat;
/*undo表空间的大小计算公式: UndoSpace=[UR * (UPS * DBS)] + (DBS * 24)
UR :UNDO_RETENTION 保留的时间(秒)
UPS :每秒的回滚数据块
DBS:系统EXTENT和FILE SIZE(也就是db_block_size)*/
select * from dba_rollback_segs/v$rollname/v$rollstat/v$undostat/v$session/v$transaction;
show parameter transactions;
show parameter rollback;
 
/*在手工管理模式下,建立公共的回滚段*/
create public rollback segment prbs1 tablespace undotbs;
 
alter rollback segment rbs1 online;----在手工管理模式
 
/*在手工管理模式中,initSID.ora中指定 undo_management=manual 、rollback_segment=('rbs1','rbs2',...)、
transactions=100 、transactions_per_rollback_segment=10
然后 shutdown immediate ,startup pfile=..../???.ora */
 
########## Managing Tables ###########
 
/*char type maxlen=2000;varchar2 type maxlen=4000 bytes
rowid 是18位的64进制字符串 (10个bytes 80 bits)
rowid组成: object#(对象号)--32bits,6位
rfile#(相对文件号)--10bits,3位
block#(块号)--22bits,6位
row#(行号)--16bits,3位
64进制: A-Z,a-z,0-9,/,+ 共64个符号
 
dbms_rowid 包中的函数可以提供对rowid的解释*/
 
select rowid,dbms_rowid.rowid_block_number(rowid),dbms_rowid.rowid_row_number(rowid) from table_name;
 
create table test2
(
id int,
lname varchar2(20) not null,
fname varchar2(20) constraint ck_1 check(fname like 'k%'),
empdate date default sysdate)
) tablespace tablespace_name;
 
 
create global temporary table test2 on commit delete/preserve rows as select * from kong.authors;
 
create table user.table(...) tablespace tablespace_name storage(...) pctfree10 pctused 40;
 
alter table user.tablename pctfree 20 pctused 50 storage(...);---changing table storage
 
/*手工分配分区,分配的数据文件必须是表所在表空间内的数据文件*/
alter table user.table_name allocate extent(size 500k datafile '...');
 
/*释放表中没有用到的空间*/
alter table table_name deallocate unused;
 
alter table table_name deallocate unused keep 8k;
 
/*将非分区表的表空间搬到新的表空间,在移动表空间后，原表中的索引对象将会不可用，必须重建*/
alter table user.table_name move tablespace new_tablespace_name;
 
create index index_name on user.table_name(column_name) tablespace users;
 
alter index index_name rebuild;
 
drop table table_name [CASCADE CONSTRAINTS];
 
alter table user.table_name drop column col_name [CASCADE CONSTRAINTS CHECKPOINT 1000];---drop column
 
/*给表中不用的列做标记*/
alter table user.table_name set unused column comments CASCADE CONSTRAINTS;
 
/*drop表中不用的做了标记列*/
alter table user.table_name drop unused columns checkpoint 1000;
 
/*当在drop col是出现异常，使用CONTINUE，防止重删前面的column*/
ALTER TABLE USER.TABLE_NAME DROP COLUMNS CONTINUE CHECKPOINT 1000;
 
select * from dba_tables/dba_objects;
 
######## managing indexes ##########
 
/*create index*/
example:
/*创建一般索引*/
create index index_name on table_name(column_name) tablespace tablespace_name;
/*创建位图索引*/
create bitmap index index_name on table_name(column_name1,column_name2) tablespace tablespace_name;
/*索引中不能用pctused*/
create [bitmap] index index_name on table_name(column_name) tablespace tablespace_name pctfree 20 storage(inital 100k next 100k) ;
/*大数据量的索引最好不要做日志*/
create [bitmap] index index_name table_name(column_name1,column_name2) tablespace_name pctfree 20 storage(inital 100k next 100k) nologging;
/*创建反转索引*/
create index index_name on table_name(column_name) reverse;
/*创建函数索引*/
create index index_name on table_name(function_name(column_name)) tablespace tablespace_name;
/*建表时创建约束条件*/
create table user.table_name(column_name number(7) constraint constraint_name primary key deferrable using index storage(initial 100k next 100k) tablespace tablespace_name,column_name2 varchar2(25) constraint constraint_name not null,column_name3 number(7)) tablespace tablespace_name;
 
/*给创建bitmap index分配的内存空间参数，以加速建索引*/
show parameter create_bit;
 
/*改变索引的存储参数*/
alter index index_name pctfree 30 storage(initial 200k next 200k);
 
/*给索引手工分配一个分区*/
alter index index_name allocate extent (size 200k datafile '$ORACLE/oradata/..');
 
/*释放索引中没用的空间*/
alter index index_name deallocate unused;
 
/*索引重建*/
alter index index_name rebuild tablespace tablespace_name;
 
/*普通索引和反转索引的互换*/
alter index index_name rebuild tablespace tablespace_name reverse;
 
/*重建索引时，不锁表*/
alter index index_name rebuild online;
 
/*给索引整理碎片*/
alter index index_name COALESCE;
 
/*分析索引,事实上是更新统计的过程*/
analyze index index_name validate structure;
 
desc index_state;
 
drop index index_name;
 
alter index index_name monitoring usage;-----监视索引是否被用到
 
alter index index_name nomonitoring usage;----取消监视
 
/*有关索引信息的视图*/
select * from dba_indexes/dba_ind_columns/dbs_ind_expressions/v$object_usage;
 
########## 数据完整性的管理(Maintaining data integrity) ##########
 
alter table table_name drop constraint constraint_name;----drop 约束
 
alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name primary key(column_name1,column_name2);-----创建主键
 
alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name unique(column_name1,column_name2);---创建唯一约束
 
/*创建外键约束*/
alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name foreign key(column_name1) references table_name(column_name1);
 
/*不效验老数据，只约束新的数据[enable/disable：约束/不约束新数据;novalidate/validate:不对/对老数据进行验证]*/
alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name check(column_name like 'B%') enable/disable novalidate/validate;
 
/*修改约束条件，延时验证，commit时验证*/
alter table table_name modify constraint constraint_name initially deferred;
 
/*修改约束条件，立即验证*/
alter table table_name modify constraint constraint_name initially immediate;
 
alter session set constraints=deferred/immediate;
 
/*drop一个有外键的主键表,带cascade constraints参数级联删除*/
drop table table_name cascade constraints;
 
/*当truncate外键表时，先将外键设为无效，再truncate;*/
truncate table table_name;
 
/*设约束条件无效*/
alter table table_name disable constraint constraint_name;
 
alter table table_name enable novalidate constraint constraint_name;
 
/*将无效约束的数据行放入exception的表中，此表记录了违反数据约束的行的行号；在此之前，要先建exceptions表*/
alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name check(column_name >15) enable validate exceptions into exceptions;
 
/*运行创建exceptions表的脚本*/
start $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/utlexcpt.sql;
 
/*获取约束条件信息的表或视图*/
select * from user_constraints/dba_constraints/dba_cons_columns;
 
################## managing password security and resources ####################
 
alter user user_name account unlock/open;----锁定/打开用户;
 
alter user user_name password expire;---设定口令到期
 
/*建立口令配置文件,failed_login_attempts口令输多少次后锁，password_lock_times指多少天后口令被自动解锁*/
create profile profile_name limit failed_login_attempts 3 password_lock_times 1/1440;
/*创建口令配置文件*/
create profile profile_name limit failed_login_attempts 3 password_lock_time unlimited password_life_time 30 password_reuse_time 30 password_verify_function verify_function password_grace_time 5;
/*建立资源配置文件*/
create profile prfile_name limit session_per_user 2 cpu_per_session 10000 idle_time 60 connect_time 480;
 
alter user user_name profile profile_name;
 
/*设置口令解锁时间*/
alter profile profile_name limit password_lock_time 1/24;
 
/*password_life_time指口令文件多少时间到期，password_grace_time指在第一次成功登录后到口令到期有多少天时间可改变口令*/
alter profile profile_name limit password_lift_time 2 password_grace_time 3;
 
/*password_reuse_time指口令在多少天内可被重用,password_reuse_max口令可被重用的最大次数*/
alter profile profile_name limit password_reuse_time 10[password_reuse_max 3];
 
alter user user_name identified by input_password;-----修改用户口令
 
drop profile profile_name;
 
/*建立了profile后，且指定给某个用户，则必须用CASCADE才能删除*/
drop profile profile_name CASCADE;
 
alter system set resource_limit=true;---启用自愿限制,缺省是false
 
/*配置资源参数*/
alter profile profile_name limit cpu_per_session 10000 connect_time 60 idle_time 5;
/*资源参数(session级)
cpu_per_session 每个session占用cpu的时间 单位1/100秒
sessions_per_user 允许每个用户的并行session数
connect_time 允许连接的时间 单位分钟
idle_time 连接被空闲多少时间后，被自动断开 单位分钟
logical_reads_per_session 读块数
private_sga 用户能够在SGA中使用的私有的空间数 单位bytes
 
(call级)
cpu_per_call 每次(1/100秒)调用cpu的时间
logical_reads_per_call 每次调用能够读的块数
*/
 
alter profile profile_name limit cpu_per_call 1000 logical_reads_per_call 10;
 
desc dbms_resouce_manager;---资源管理器包
 
/*获取资源信息的表或视图*/
select * from dba_users/dba_profiles;
 
###### Managing users ############
 
show parameter os;
 
create user testuser1 identified by kxf_001;
 
grant connect,createtable to testuser1;
 
alter user testuser1 quota 10m on tablespace_name;
 
/*创建用户*/
create user user_name identified by password default tablespace tablespace_name temporary tablespace tablespace_name quota 15m on tablespace_name password expire;
 
/*数据库级设定缺省临时表空间*/
alter database default temporary tablespace tablespace_name;
 
/*制定数据库级的缺省表空间*/
alter database default tablespace tablespace_name;
 
/*创建os级审核的用户，需知道os_authent_prefix，表示oracle和os口令对应的前缀,'OPS$'为此参数的值，此值可以任意设置*/
create user user_name identified by externally default OPS$tablespace_name tablespace_name temporary tablespace tablespace_name quota 15m on tablespace_name password expire;
 
/*修改用户使用表空间的限额,回滚表空间和临时表空间不允许授予限额*/
alter user user_name quota 5m on tablespace_name;
 
/*删除用户或删除级联用户(用户对象下有对象的要用CASCADE，将其下一些对象一起删除)*/
drop user user_name [CASCADE];
 
/*每个用户在哪些表空间下有些什么限额*/
desc dba_ts_quotas;select * from dba_ts_quotas where username='...';
 
/*改变用户的缺省表空间*/
alter user user_name default tablespace tablespace_name;
 
######### Managing Privileges #############
 
grant create table,create session to user_name;
 
grant create any table to user_name; revoke create any table from user_name;
 
/*授予权限语法,public 标识所有用户,with admin option允许能将权限授予第三者的权限*/
grant system_privs,[......] to [user/role/public],[....] [with admin option];
 
select * from v$pwfile_users;
 
/*当 O7_dictionary_accessiblity参数为True时，标识select any table时，包括系统表也能select ,否则，不包含系统表;缺省为false*/
show parameter O7;
 
/*由于 O7_dictionary_accessiblity为静态参数，不能动态改变，故加scope=spfile,下次启动时才生效*/
alter system set O7_dictionary_accessiblity=true scope=spfile;
 
/*授予对象中的某些字段的权限，如select 某表中的某些字段的权限*/
grant [object_privs(column,....)],[...] on object_name to user/role/public,... with grant option;
 
/*oracle不允许授予select某列的权限,但可以授insert ,update某列的权限*/
grant insert(column_name1,column_name2,...) on table_name to user_name with grant option;
 
select * from dba_sys_privs/session_privs/dba_tab_privs/user_tab_privs/dba_col_privs/user_col_privs;
 
/*db/os/none 审计被记录在 数据库/操作系统/不审计 缺省是none*/
show parameter audit_trail;
 
/*启动对表的select动作*/
audit select on user.table_name by session;
 
/*by session在每个session中发出command只记录一次，by access则每个command都记录*/
audit [create table][select/update/insert on object by session/access][whenever successful/not successful];
 
desc dbms_fga;---进一步设计，则可使用dbms_fgs包
 
/*取消审计*/
noaudit select on user.table_name;
 
/*查被审计信息*/
select * from all_def_audit_opts/dba_stmt_audit_opts/dba_priv_audit_opts/dba_obj_audit_opts;
 
/*获取审计记录*/
select * from dba_audit_trail/dba_audit_exists/dba_audit_object/dba_audit_session/dba_audit_statement;
 
########### Managing Role #################
 
create role role_name; grant select on table_name to role_name; grant role_name to user_name; set role role_name;
 
create role role_name;
create role role_name identified by password;
create role role_name identified externally;
 
set role role_name ; ----激活role
set role role_name identified by password;
 
alter role role_name not identified;
alter role role_name identified by password;
alter role role_name identified externally;
 
grant priv_name to role_name [WITH ADMIN OPTION];
grant update(column_name1,col_name2,...) on table_name to role_name;
grant role_name1 to role_name2;
 
/*建立default role,用户登录时，缺省激活default role*/
alter user user_name default role role_name1,role_name2,...;
alter user user_name default role all;
alter user user_name default role all except role_name1,...;
alter user user_name default role none;
 
set role role1 [identified by password],role2,....;
set role all;
set role except role1,role2,...;
set role none;
 
revoke role_name from user_name;
revoke role_name from public;
 
drop role role_name;
 
select * from dba_roles/dba_role_privs/role_role_privs/dba_sys_privs/role_sys_privs/role_tab_privs/session_roles;
 
########### Basic SQL SELECT ################
 
select col_name as col_alias from table_name ;
 
select col_name from table_name where col1 like '_o%'; ----'_'匹配单个字符
 
/*使用字符函数(右边截取,字段中包含某个字符,左边填充某字符到固定位数,右边填充某字符到固定位数)*/
select substr(col1,-3,5),instr(col2,'g'),LPAD(col3,10,'$'),RPAD(col4,10,'%') from table_name;
 
/*使用数字函数(往右/左几位四舍五入,取整,取余)*/
select round(col1,-2),trunc(col2),mod(col3) from table_name ;
 
/*使用日期函数(计算两个日期间相差几个星期,两个日期间相隔几个月,在某个月份上加几个月,某个日期的下一个日期,
某日期所在月的最后的日期,对某个日期的月分四舍五入，对某个日期的月份进行取整)*/
select (sysdate-col1)/7 week,months_between(sysdate,col1),add_months(col1,2),next_day(sysdate,'FRIDAY'),last_day(sysdate),
round(sysdate,'MONTH'),trunc(sysdate,'MONTH') from table_name;
 
/*使用NULL函数(当expr1为空取expr2/当expr1为空取expr2,否则取expr3/当expr1=expr2返回空)*/
select nvl(expr1,expr2),nvl2(expr1,expr2,expr3),nullif(expr1,expr2) from table_name;
 
select column1,column2,column3, case column2 when '50' then column2*1.1
when '30' then column2*2.1
when '10' then column3/20
else column3
end as ttt
from table_name ; ------使用case函数
 
select table1.col1,table2.col2 from table1
[CROSS JOIN table2] | -----笛卡儿连接
[NATURAL JOIN table2] | -----用两个表中的同名列连接
[JOIN table2 USING (column_name)] | -----用两个表中的同名列中的某一列或几列连接
[JOIN table2
ON (table1.col1=table2.col2)] |
[LEFT|RIGHT|FULL OUTER JOIN table2 ------相当于(+)=,=(+)连接,全外连接
ON (table1.col1=table2.col2)]; ------SQL 1999中的JOIN语法;
 
example:
select col1,col2 from table1 t1
join table2 t2
on t1.col1=t2.col2 and t1.col3=t2.col1
join table3 t3
on t2.col1=t3.col3;
 
select * from table_name where col1 < any (select col2 from table_name2 where continue group by col3);
 
select * from table_name where col1 < all (select col2 from table_name2 where continue group by col3);
 
insert into (select col1,col2,col3 form table_name where col1> 50 with check option) values (value1,value2,value3);
 
MERGE INTO table_name table1
USING table_name2 table2
ON (table1.col1=table2.col2)
WHEN MATCHED THEN
UPDATE SET
table1.col1=table2.col2,
table1.col2=table2.col3,
...
WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN
INSERT VALUES(table2.col1,table2.col2,table2.col3,...); -----合并语句
 
##################### CREATE/ALTER TABLE #######################
 
alter table table_name drop column column_name ;---drop column
 
alter table table_name set unused (col1,col2,...);----设置列无效，这个比较快。
alter table table_name drop unused columns;---删除被设为无效的列
 
rename table_name1 to table_name2; ---重命名表
 
comment on table table_name is 'comment message';----给表放入注释信息
 
create table table_name
(col1 int not null,col2 varchar2(20),col3 varchar2(20),
constraint uk_test2_1 unique(col2,col3))); -----定义表中的约束条件
 
alter table table_name add constraint pk_test2 primary key(col1,col2,...); ----创建主键
 
/*建立外键*/
create table table_name (rid int,name varchar2(20),constraint fk_test3 foreign key(rid) references other_table_name(id));
 
alter table table_name add constraint ck_test3 check(name like 'K%');
 
alter table table_name drop constraint constraint_name;
 
alter table table_name drop primary key cascade;----级联删除主键
 
alter table table_name disable/enable constraint constraint_name;----使约束暂时无效
 
/*删除列，并级联删除此列下的约束条件*/
alter table table_name drop column column_name cascade constraint;
 
select * from user_constraints/user_cons_columns;---约束条件相关视图
 
############## Create Views #####################
 
CREATE [OR REPLACE] [FORCE|NOFORCE] VIEW view_name [(alias[,alias]...)]
AS subquery
[WITH CHECK OPTION [CONSTRAINT constraint_name]]
[WITH READ ONLY [CONSTRAINT constraint_name]]; ------创建视图的语法
 
example: Create or replace view testview as select col1,col2,col3 from table_name; ------创建视图
/*使用别名*/
Create or replace view testview as select col1,sum(col2) col2_alias from table_name;
/*创建复杂视图*/
Create view view_name (alias1,alias2,alias3,alias4) as select d.col1,min(e.col1),max(e.col1),avg(e.col1) from table_name1 e,table_name2 d where e.col2=d.col2 group by d.col1;
/*当用update修改数据时，必须满足视图的col1>10的条件，不满足则不能被改变.*/
Create or replace view view_name as select * from table_name where col1>10 with check option;
 
/*改变视图的值.对于简单视图可以用update语法修改表数据，但复杂视图则不一定能改。如使用了函数，group by ,distinct等的列*/
update view_name set col1=value1;
 
/*TOP-N分析*/
select [column_list],rownum from (select [column_list] from table_name order by Top-N_column) where rownum<=N;
 
/*找出某列三条最大值的记录*/
example: select rownum as rank ,col1 ,col2 from (select col1 ,col2 from table_name order by col2 desc) where rownum<=3;
 
############# Other database Object ###############
 
CREATE SEQUENCE sequence_name [INCREMENT BY n]
[START WITH n]
[{MAXVALUE n | NOMAXVALUE}]
[{MINVALUE n | NOMINVALUE}]
[{CYCEL | NOCYCLE}]
[{CACHE n | NOCACHE}]; -----创建SEQUENCE
 
example:
CREATE SEQUENCE sequence_name INCREMENT BY 10
START WITH 120
MAXVALUE 9999
NOCACHE
NOCYCLE;
 
select * from user_sequences ;---当前用户下记录sequence的视图
 
select sequence_name.nextval,sequence_name.currval from dual;-----sequence的引用
 
alter sequence sequence_name INCREMENT BY 20
MAXVALUE 999999
NOCACHE
NOCYCLE; -----修改sequence,不能改变起始序号
 
drop sequence sequence_name; ----删除sequence
 
CREATE [PUBLIC] SYNONYM synonym_name FOR object; ------创建同义词
 
DROP [PUBLIC] SYNONYM synonym_name;----删除同义词
 
CREATE PUBLIC DATABASE LINK link_name USEING OBJECT;----创建DBLINK
 
select * from object_name@link_name; ----访问远程数据库中的对象
 
/*union 操作，它将两个集合的交集部分压缩，并对数据排序*/
select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name union select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name;
 
/*union all 操作，两个集合的交集部分不压缩，且不对数据排序*/
select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name union all select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name;
 
/*intersect 操作，求两个集合的交集,它将对重复数据进行压缩，且排序*/
select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name intersect select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name;
 
/*minus 操作，集合减,它将压缩两个集合减后的重复记录, 且对数据排序*/
select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name minus select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name;
 
/*EXTRACT 抽取时间函数. 此例是抽取当前日期中的年*/
select EXTRACT(YEAR FROM SYSDATE) from dual;
/*EXTRACT 抽取时间函数. 此例是抽取当前日期中的月*/
select EXTRACT(MONTH FROM SYSDATE) from dual;
 
########################## 增强的 group by 子句 #########################
 
select [column,] group_function(column)...
from table
[WHERE condition]
[GROUP BY [ROLLUP] group_by_expression]
[HAVING having_expression];
[ORDER BY column]; -------ROLLUP操作字，对group by子句的各字段从右到左进行再聚合
 
example:
/*其结果看起来象对col1做小计*/
select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by rollup(col1,col2);
/*复合rollup表达式*/
select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by rollup((col1,col2));
 
select [column,] group_function(column)...
from table
[WHERE condition]
[GROUP BY [CUBE] group_by_expression]
[HAVING having_expression];
[ORDER BY column]; -------CUBE操作字，除完成ROLLUP的功能外，再对ROLLUP后的结果集从右到左再聚合
 
example:
/*其结果看起来象对col1做小计后，再对col2做小计，最后算总计*/
select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by cube(col1,col2);
/*复合rollup表达式*/
select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by cube((col1,col2));
/*混合rollup,cube表达式*/
select col1,col2,col3,sum(col4) from table group by col1,rollup(col2),cube(col3);
 
/*GROUPING(expr)函数，查看select语句种以何字段聚合，其取值为0或1*/
select [column,] group_function(column)...,GROUPING(expr)
from table
[WHERE condition]
[GROUP BY [ROLLUP] group_by_expression]
[HAVING having_expression];
[ORDER BY column];
 
example:
select col1,col2,sum(col3),grouping(col1),grouping(col2) from table group by cube(col1,col2);
 
/*grouping sets操作，对group by结果集先对col1求和，再对col2求和，最后将其结果集并在一起*/
select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by grouping sets((col1),(col2));