python中的函数

函数

def describe_pet(pet_name,animal_type ='dog'):   # 形参可以指定默认值
    print("I have a "+ animal_type +".")
    print("My " + animal_type + "'s name is " + pet_name.title()+".")

# 有如下几种方式调用上面的函数
describe_pet('whillie')
describe_pet(pet_name='whillie')
describe_pet('harry','hamster')  # 使用位置实参来调用函数时，要注意顺序和形参对应
describe_pet(pet_name='harry',animal_type='hamster')  # 使用关键字实参是传递给函数的名称-值对，关键字实参的顺序无关紧要，如下一行
describe_pet(animal_type='hamster',pet_name='harry')

I have a dog.
My dog's name is Whillie.
I have a dog.
My dog's name is Whillie.
I have a hamster.
My hamster's name is Harry.
I have a hamster.
My hamster's name is Harry.
I have a hamster.
My hamster's name is Harry.

传递列表给形参，一种情况是可以修改列表，一种情况是禁止函数修改列表。

def print_models(unprinted_designs,completed_models):
    while unprinted_designs:
        current_designs = unprinted_designs.pop()
        completed_models.append(current_designs)

unprinted_designs = ['iphone case','robot pendant','dodecahedron']
completed_models = []

print_models(unprinted_designs,completed_models)
print("unprinted_designs:",unprinted_designs)
print("completed_models:",completed_models)
print("------------------------------------------------")
unprinted_designs = ['iphone case', 'robot pendant', 'dodecahedron']
completed_models = []

print_models(unprinted_designs[:], completed_models)  # 用切片表示法创建列表的副本，这样可以保留原始列表的内容，但也增加了创建列表副本的时间和内存
print("unprinted_designs:",unprinted_designs)
print("completed_models:",completed_models)

unprinted_designs: []
completed_models: ['dodecahedron', 'robot pendant', 'iphone case']
------------------------------------------------
unprinted_designs: ['iphone case', 'robot pendant', 'dodecahedron']
completed_models: ['dodecahedron', 'robot pendant', 'iphone case']

返回字典

def build_person(first_name,last_name):
    person = {'first':first_name,'last':last_name}
    return person

musician = build_person('jimi','hendrix')
print(musician)

{'first': 'jimi', 'last': 'hendrix'}

传递任意数量的实参

python先匹配位置实参和关键字实参，再将余下的实参都收集到最后一个形参中。

# 结合使用位置实参和任意数量实参
def make_pizza(size,*toppings):  # 形参名*toppings中的星号让python创建一个名为toppings的空元组，并将收到的所有值都封装到这个元组中
    print("making a " + str(size) + "-inch pizza with the following toppings:")
    for toppiing in toppings:
        print("- "+ toppiing)

make_pizza(16,'pepperoni')
make_pizza(12,'mushrooms','green peppers','extra cheese')
print("------------------------------------------------------")
# 使用任意数量的关键字实参
def bulid_profile(first,last,**user_info):  # **user_info中的两个星号让python创建一个名为user_info的空字典，并将收到的所有名称-值对都封装到这个字典中。
    profile={}
    profile['first_name'] = first
    profile['last_name'] = last
    for key,value in user_info.items():
        profile[key] = value
    return profile

user_profile = bulid_profile('albert','einstein',
                             location = 'princeton',
                             field = 'physics')
print(user_profile)

making a 16-inch pizza with the following toppings:
- pepperoni
making a 12-inch pizza with the following toppings:
- mushrooms
- green peppers
- extra cheese
------------------------------------------------------
{'first_name': 'albert', 'last_name': 'einstein', 'location': 'princeton', 'field': 'physics'}

将函数存储在模块（文件）中

impot module_name   # 导入整个模块
module_name.function_name()  # 使用模块中的函数

from module_name import function_0,function_1,function_2  # 导入特定的函数
function_0()  # 直接使用函数即可，不用再加模块名

# 导入模块中的所有函数
from module_name import *

# 使用as给函数指定别名
from module_name import function_name as fn

# 使用as给模块指定别名
import module_name as mn

以上内容为作者总结自参考书籍《python编程入门到实践》，希望对你有所帮助。