python nltk库[nltk_data] Error loading words: ＜urlopen error [Errno 61] Connection refused＞解决

在测试场景中往往会需要生成一段随机的段落，每个段落的单词是实际的英文单词，不是随机的字母，这时就用到了python的random模块和nltk库。

如果在代码中使用如下语句下载资源库时会报错：

nltk.download('words')
nltk.download('brown')

[nltk_data] Error loading words: <urlopen error [Errno 61] Connection
[nltk_data]     refused>
[nltk_data] Error loading brown: <urlopen error [Errno 61] Connection
[nltk_data]     refused>
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/Users/testmanzhang/PycharmProjects/practiceUICatalog/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/nltk/corpus/util.py", line 84, in __load
    root = nltk.data.find(f"{self.subdir}/{zip_name}")
           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  File "/Users/testmanzhang/PycharmProjects/practiceUICatalog/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/nltk/data.py", line 579, in find
    raise LookupError(resource_not_found)
LookupError: 
**********************************************************************
  Resource words not found.
  Please use the NLTK Downloader to obtain the resource:

  >>> import nltk
  >>> nltk.download('words')
  
  For more information see: https://www.nltk.org/data.html

  Attempted to load corpora/words.zip/words/

  Searched in:
    - '/Users/testmanzhang/nltk_data'
    - '/Users/testmanzhang/PycharmProjects/practiceUICatalog/.venv/nltk_data'
    - '/Users/testmanzhang/PycharmProjects/practiceUICatalog/.venv/share/nltk_data'
    - '/Users/testmanzhang/PycharmProjects/practiceUICatalog/.venv/lib/nltk_data'
    - '/usr/share/nltk_data'
    - '/usr/local/share/nltk_data'
    - '/usr/lib/nltk_data'
    - '/usr/local/lib/nltk_data'
**********************************************************************


During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/Users/testmanzhang/PycharmProjects/practiceUICatalog/unittest_aosu.py", line 17, in <module>
    word_list = words.words()
                ^^^^^^^^^^^
  File "/Users/testmanzhang/PycharmProjects/practiceUICatalog/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/nltk/corpus/util.py", line 120, in __getattr__
    self.__load()
  File "/Users/testmanzhang/PycharmProjects/practiceUICatalog/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/nltk/corpus/util.py", line 86, in __load
    raise e
  File "/Users/testmanzhang/PycharmProjects/practiceUICatalog/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/nltk/corpus/util.py", line 81, in __load
    root = nltk.data.find(f"{self.subdir}/{self.__name}")
           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  File "/Users/testmanzhang/PycharmProjects/practiceUICatalog/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/nltk/data.py", line 579, in find
    raise LookupError(resource_not_found)
LookupError: 
**********************************************************************
  Resource words not found.
  Please use the NLTK Downloader to obtain the resource:

  >>> import nltk
  >>> nltk.download('words')
  
  For more information see: https://www.nltk.org/data.html

  Attempted to load corpora/words

  Searched in:
    - '/Users/testmanzhang/nltk_data'
    - '/Users/testmanzhang/PycharmProjects/practiceUICatalog/.venv/nltk_data'
    - '/Users/testmanzhang/PycharmProjects/practiceUICatalog/.venv/share/nltk_data'
    - '/Users/testmanzhang/PycharmProjects/practiceUICatalog/.venv/lib/nltk_data'
    - '/usr/share/nltk_data'
    - '/usr/local/share/nltk_data'
    - '/usr/lib/nltk_data'
    - '/usr/local/lib/nltk_data'
**********************************************************************

使用提示信息中的方法也是不行：

>>> import nltk
>>> nltk.download('words')
[nltk_data] Error loading words: <urlopen error [Errno 61] Connection
[nltk_data]     refused>
False

后来访问了nltk data的地址：https://www.nltk.org/nltk_data/，手动下载了资源：

下载完成后时一个zip文件：words.zip

解压后放到错误提示信息中的目录中，例如，'/Users/testmanzhang/nltk_data'

在我的本地并没有nltk_data这个目录，于是就手动创建了一个在这个目录下还要创建corpora，将解压后的words放到这个目录中：

/Users/testmanzhang/nltk_data/corpora

这时候再调试就OK了～