设置MySQL/MariaDB 数据库默认编码为utf8mb4 （推荐）

MySQL/MariaDB中的UTF-8并不是真正的UTF-8，其中的UTF8MB4才是真正的UTF-8。因此推荐使用UTF8MB4。

先查看自己数据库的默认字符集：

MariaDB [(none)]> show variables like "%character%";show variables like "%collation%";
+--------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| Variable_name            | Value                                              |
+--------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| character_set_client     | gbk                                                |
| character_set_connection | gbk                                                |
| character_set_database   | latin1                                             |
| character_set_filesystem | binary                                             |
| character_set_results    | gbk                                                |
| character_set_server     | latin1                                             |
| character_set_system     | utf8                                               |
| character_sets_dir       | D:\download\mariadb-10.3.15-winx64\share\charsets\ |
+--------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+
8 rows in set (0.001 sec)

+----------------------+-------------------+
| Variable_name        | Value             |
+----------------------+-------------------+
| collation_connection | gbk_chinese_ci    |
| collation_database   | latin1_swedish_ci |
| collation_server     | latin1_swedish_ci |
+----------------------+-------------------+
3 rows in set (0.001 sec)

看到了默认的基本都是GBK和latin1。

---

然后查看有哪些CHARSET可以使用：

MariaDB [(none)]> SHOW CHARSET;
+----------+-----------------------------+---------------------+--------+
| Charset  | Description                 | Default collation   | Maxlen |
+----------+-----------------------------+---------------------+--------+
| big5     | Big5 Traditional Chinese    | big5_chinese_ci     |      2 |
| dec8     | DEC West European           | dec8_swedish_ci     |      1 |
| cp850    | DOS West European           | cp850_general_ci    |      1 |
| hp8      | HP West European            | hp8_english_ci      |      1 |
| koi8r    | KOI8-R Relcom Russian       | koi8r_general_ci    |      1 |
| latin1   | cp1252 West European        | latin1_swedish_ci   |      1 |
| latin2   | ISO 8859-2 Central European | latin2_general_ci   |      1 |
| swe7     | 7bit Swedish                | swe7_swedish_ci     |      1 |
| ascii    | US ASCII                    | ascii_general_ci    |      1