Builtin variables,Positional Parameters,Manipulating Strings,Typing variables,etc.

 

Builtin variables:

$BASH	The path to the Bash binary itself
$BASH_ENV	An environmental variable pointing to a Bash startup file to be read when a script is invoked.
$BASH_SUBSHELL	A variable indicating the subshell level.
$BASHPID	Process ID of the current instance of Bash. This is not the same as the $$ variable, but it often gives the same result.
$BASH_VERSION	The version of Bash installed on the system
$CDPATH	A colon-separated list of search paths available to the cd command, similar in function to the $PATH variable for binaries.
$DIRSTACK	The top value in the directory stack (affected by pushd and popd)
$EDITOR	The default editor invoked by a script, usually vi or emacs
$EUID	"effective" user ID number.Identification number of whatever identity the current user has assumed, perhaps by means of su.
$FUNCNAME	Name of the current function
$GLOBIGNORE	list of filename patterns to be excluded from matching in globbing.
$GROUPS	Groups current user belongs to
$HOME	Home directory of the user, usually /home/username
$HOSTNAME	The hostname command assigns the system host name at bootup in an init script.
$HOSTTYPE	host type
$IFS	internal field separator
$LC_CTYPE	This internal variable controls character interpretation in globbing and pattern matching.
$LINENO	This variable is the line number of the shell script in which this variable appears.
$MACHTYPE	machine type
$OLDPWD	Old working directory ("OLD-Print-Working-Directory", previous directory you were in).
$OSTYPE	operating system type
$PATH	Path to binaries, usually /usr/bin/, /usr/X11R6/bin/, /usr/local/bin, etc.
$PIPESTATUS	Array variable holding exit status(es) of last executed foreground pipe.
$PPID	The $PPID of a process is the process ID (pid) of its parent process.
$PROMPT_COMMAND	A variable holding a command to be executed just before the primary prompt, $PS1 is to be displayed.
$PS1	This is the main prompt, seen at the command-line
$PS2	The secondary prompt, seen when additional input is expected. It displays as ">".
$PS3	The tertiary prompt, displayed in a select loop
$PS4	The quartenary prompt, shown at the beginning of each line of output when invoking a script with the -x option. It displays as "+".
$PWD	Working directory (directory you are in at the time)
$REPLY	The default value when a variable is not supplied to read.
$SECONDS	The number of seconds the script has been running.
$SHELLOPTS	The list of enabled shell options, a readonly variable.
$SHLVL	Shell level, how deeply Bash is nested.If, at the command-line, $SHLVL is 1, then in a script it will increment to 2.
$TMOUT	If the $TMOUT environmental variable is set to a non-zero value time, then the shell prompt willtime out after $time seconds. This will cause a logout.
$UID	User ID number. Current user's user identification number, as recorded in /etc/passwd

 

Positional Parameters

$0, $1, $2,	Positional parameters, passed from command line to script, passed to a function, or set to a variable
$#	Number of command-line arguments  or positional parameters
$*	All of the positional parameters, seen as a single word."$*" must be quoted.
$@	Same as $*, but each parameter is a quoted string, that is, the parameters are passed on intact, without interpretation or expansion."$@" should be quoted.The $@ and $* parameters differ only when between double quotes.
$-	Flags passed to script (using set).
$!	PID (process ID) of last job run in background
$_	Special variable set to final argument of previous command executed.
$?	Exit status of a command, function, or the script itself
$$	Process ID (PID) of the script itself. [39] The $$ variable often finds use in scripts to construct "unique" temp file names

 

 

Manipulating Strings

String Length	echo ${#string} echo `expr length $string` echo `expr "$string" : '.*'`
Length of Matching Substring at Beginning of String	echo `expr match "$string" '$substring'` echo `expr "$string" : '$substring'`
Index	echo `expr index $string $substring`
Substring Extraction	${string:position} ${string:position:length}
Substring Removal	${string#substring}  Deletes shortest match of $substring from front of $string. ${string##substring} Deletes longest match of $substring from front of $string. ${string%substring} Deletes shortest match of $substring from back of $string. ${string%%substring} Deletes longest match of $substring from back of $string.
Substring Replacement	${string/substring/replacement} Replace first match of $substring with $replacement. ${string//substring/replacement} Replace all matches of $substring with $replacement. ${string/#substring/replacement} If $substring matches front end of $string, substitute $replacement for $substring. ${string/%substring/replacement} If $substring matches back end of $string, substitute $replacement for $substring.
Variable expansion / Substring replacement	${var:pos} Variable var expanded, starting from offset pos. ${var:pos:len} Expansion to a max of len characters of variable var, from offset pos. ${var/Pattern/Replacement} First match of Pattern, within var replaced with Replacement ${var//Pattern/Replacement}All matches of Pattern, within var replaced withReplacement.

 

Typing variables

declare/typeset options	-r	readonly
	-i	Integer	declare -i number
	-a	array	declare -a indices
	-f	function(s)	declare -f function_name
	-x	export	declare -x var3

 

 

generate random integer$RANDOM	$RANDOM is an internal Bash function (not a constant) that returns a pseudorandom integer in the range 0 - 32767. It should not be used to generate an encryption key.
The Double-Parentheses Construct((...))	the (( ... )) construct permits arithmetic expansion and evaluation.