MySQL基本语法

置顶九仙.

已于 2023-08-24 17:31:09 修改

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文章标签：数据库 mysql

于 2023-08-24 10:09:12 首次发布

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/zhonggee/article/details/132467670

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文章目录

创建数据库及表格

CREATE

DROP

USE

-- 如果存在名为school的数据库就删除它
drop database if exists school;

-- 创建名为school的数据库并设置默认的字符集和排序方式
create database school default character set utf8 default collate utf8_bin;

-- 切换到school数据库上下文环境
use school;

-- 创建学院表
create table tb_college(
collid int auto_increment comment '编号',
collname varchar(50) not null comment '名称',
collintro varchar(500) default '' comment '介绍',
primary key (collid)
)ENGINE=InnoDB CHARSET=utf8;

-- 创建学生表
create table tb_student(
stuid int not null comment '学号',
stuname varchar(20) not null comment '姓名',
stusex boolean default 1 comment '性别',
stubirth date not null comment '出生日期',
stuaddr varchar(255) default '' comment '籍贯',
collid int not null comment '所属学院',
primary key (stuid),
foreign key (collid) references tb_college (collid)
)ENGINE=InnoDB CHARSET=utf8;

-- 创建教师表
create table tb_teacher(
teaid int not null comment '工号',
teaname varchar(20) not null comment '姓名',
teatitle varchar(10) default '助教' comment '职称',
collid int not null comment '所属学院',
primary key (teaid),
foreign key (collid) references tb_college (collid)
)ENGINE=InnoDB CHARSET=utf8;

-- 创建课程表
create table tb_course(
couid int not null comment '编号',
couname varchar(50) not null comment '名称',
coucredit int not null comment '学分',
teaid int not null comment '授课老师',
primary key (couid),
foreign key (teaid) references tb_teacher (teaid)
)ENGINE=InnoDB CHARSET=utf8;

-- 创建选课记录表
create table tb_record(
recid int auto_increment comment '选课记录编号',
sid int not null comment '选课学生',
cid int not null comment '所选课程',
seldate datetime default now() comment '选课时间日期',
score decimal(4,1) comment '考试成绩',
primary key (recid),
foreign key (sid) references tb_student (stuid),
foreign key (cid) references tb_course (couid),
constraint recordID unique (sid, cid)
)ENGINE=InnoDB CHARSET=utf8;

操作表格数据

INSERT

DELETE

UPDATA

-- 插入学院数据
insert into tb_college (collname, collintro) values
('计算机学院', '是我国首批建立计算机专业。'),
('外国语学院', '1999年成立浙江大学外国语学院。'),
('经济管理学院', '前身是创办于1905年的四川大学经济科。');

-- 插入学生数据
insert into tb_student (stuid, stuname, stusex, stubirth, stuaddr, collid) values
(1001, '杨逍', 1, '1990-3-4', '四川成都', 1),
(1002, '任我行', 1, '1992-2-2', '湖南长沙', 1),
(1033, '王语嫣', 0, '1989-12-3', '四川成都', 1),
(1572, '岳不群', 1, '1993-7-19', '陕西咸阳', 1),
(1378, '纪嫣然', 0, '1995-8-12', '四川绵阳', 1),
(1954, '林平之', 1, '1994-9-20', '福建莆田', 1),
(2035, '东方不败', 1, '1988-6-30', null, 2),
(3011, '林震南', 1, '1985-12-12', '福建莆田', 3),
(3755, '项少龙', 1, '1993-1-25', null, 3),
(3920, '赵敏', 0, '1982-4-17', '四川成都', 2),
(3923, '杨不悔', 0, '1985-4-17', '四川成都', 3),
(4040, '隔壁老王', 1, '1989-1-1', '四川成都', 2),
(4923, '周芷若', 0, '1987-4-17', '山东济南', 3);

-- 删除学生数据
delete from tb_student where stuid=4040;

-- 更新学生数据
update tb_student set stuname='杨过', stuaddr='湖南长沙' where stuid=1001;

-- 插入老师数据
insert into tb_teacher (teaid, teaname, teatitle, collid) values
(1122, '张三丰', '教授', 1),
(1133, '宋远桥', '副教授', 1),
(1144, '杨逍', '副教授', 1),
(2255, '范遥', '副教授', 2),
(3366, '韦一笑', '讲师', 3);

-- 插入课程数据
insert into tb_course (couid, couname, coucredit, teaid) values
(1111, 'Python程序设计', 3, 1122),
(2222, 'Web前端开发', 2, 1122),
(3333, '操作系统', 4, 1122),
(4444, '计算机网络', 2, 1133),
(5555, '编译原理', 4, 1144),
(6666, '算法和数据结构', 3, 1144),
(7777, '经贸法语', 3, 2255),
(8888, '成本会计', 2, 3366),
(9999, '审计学', 3, 3366);

-- 插入选课数据
insert into tb_record (sid, cid, seldate, score) values
(1001, 1111, '2017-09-01', 95),
(1001, 2222, '2017-09-01', 87.5),
(1001, 3333, '2017-09-01', 100),
(1001, 4444, '2018-09-03', null),
(1001, 6666, '2017-09-02', 100),
(1002, 1111, '2017-09-03', 65),
(1002, 3333, '2017-09-01', 90),
(1002, 5555, '2017-09-01', 82),
(1002, 6666, '2017-09-02', 80),
(1033, 1111, '2017-09-03', 92.5),
(1033, 4444, '2017-09-01', 78),
(1033, 5555, '2017-09-01', 82.5),
(1572, 1111, '2017-09-02', 78),
(1378, 1111, '2017-09-05', 82),
(1378, 7777, '2017-09-02', 65.5),
(2035, 7777, '2018-09-03', 88),
(2035, 9999, default, null),
(3755, 1111, default, null),
(3755, 8888, default, null),
(3755, 9999, '2017-09-01', 92);

查询表格数据

SELECT

-- 查询所有学生信息
select * from tb_student;

-- 查询所有课程名称及学分(投影和别名)
-- 【1】
select couname, coucredit from tb_course;
-- 【2】
select couname as 课程名称, coucredit as 学分 from tb_course;

-- 查询所有学生的姓名和性别(条件运算)
-- 【1】
select stuname as 姓名, 
case stusex when 1 then '男' else '女' end as 性别 from tb_student;
-- 【2】
select stuname as 姓名, 
if(stusex, '男', '女') as 性别 from tb_student;

WHERE

-- 查询所有女学生的姓名和出生日期(筛选)
select stuname, stubirth from tb_student where stusex=0;

-- 查询所有80后学生的姓名、性别和出生日期(筛选)
-- 【1】
select stuname, stusex, stubirth from tb_student 
where stubirth>='1980-1-1' and stubirth<='1989-12-31';
-- 【2】
select stuname, stusex, stubirth from tb_student 
where stubirth between '1980-1-1' and '1989-12-31';



-- 查询没有录入家庭住址的学生姓名(空值)
select stuname, stuaddr from tb_student 
where stuaddr is null;

-- 查询录入了家庭住址的学生姓名(空值)
select stuname, stuaddr from tb_student 
where stuaddr is not null;

LIKE

-- 查询姓"杨"的学生姓名和性别(模糊)
select stuname, stusex from tb_student 
where stuname like '杨%';

-- 查询姓"杨"名字两个字的学生姓名和性别(模糊)
select stuname, stusex from tb_student 
where stuname like '杨_';

-- 查询姓"杨"名字三个字的学生姓名和性别(模糊)
select stuname, stusex from tb_student 
where stuname like '杨__';

-- 查询名字中有"不"字或"嫣"字的学生的姓名(模糊)
select stuname, stusex from tb_student 
where stuname like '%不%' or stuname like '%嫣%';

DISTINCT

-- 查询学生选课的所有日期(去重)
select distinct seldate from tb_record;

-- 查询学生的家庭住址(去重)
select distinct stuaddr from tb_student 
where stuaddr is not null;

ORDER BY

-- 查询男学生的姓名和生日按年龄从大到小排列(排序)
-- 【1】
select stuname, stubirth from tb_student 
where stusex=1 order by stubirth asc, stuid desc;
-- 【2】
select stuname as 姓名, datediff(curdate(), stubirth) div 365 as 年龄 from tb_student 
where stusex=1 order by 年龄 desc;

聚合函数

max / min / sum / avg / count

-- 查询年龄最大的学生的出生日期(聚合函数)
select min(stubirth) from tb_student;

-- 查询年龄最小的学生的出生日期(聚合函数)
select max(stubirth) from tb_student;

-- 查询课程编号为1111的课程的平均成绩(聚合函数和筛选)
select avg(score) from tb_record where cid=1111;

-- 查询学号为1001的学生所有课程的平均分(聚合函数和筛选)
select avg(score) from tb_record where sid=1001;

GROUP BY

分组以前的筛选使用where子句 / 分组以后的筛选使用having子句

-- 查询男女学生的人数(分组和聚合函数)
select stusex, count(*) from tb_student 
group by stusex;

-- 查询每个学生的学号和平均成绩(分组和聚合函数)
select sid as 学号, avg(score) as 平均分 from tb_record 
group by sid;

-- 查询平均成绩大于等于90分的学生的学号和平均成绩(分组和聚合函数)

select sid as 学号, avg(score) as 平均分 from tb_record
group by sid having 平均分>=90;

子查询

-- 查询年龄最大的学生的姓名(子查询/嵌套的查询)
select stuname from tb_student 
where stubirth=(select min(stubirth) from tb_student);

-- 查询选了两门以上的课程的学生姓名(子查询/分组条件/集合运算)
select stuname from tb_student 
where stuid in (select sid from tb_record group by sid having count(sid)>2);

连接查询

-- 查询学生姓名、课程名称以及成绩(连接查询)
select stuname, couname, score from tb_student t1, tb_course t2, tb_record t3 
where stuid=sid and couid=cid and score is not null;

-- 查询选课学生的姓名和平均成绩(连接查询和子查询)
select stuname, avgmark from tb_student, 
(select sid, avg(score) as avgmark from tb_record 
group by sid) as temp where stuid=sid;

JOIN ON

-- 查询选课学生的姓名和平均成绩(内连接和子查询)
select stuname, avgmark from tb_student 
inner join (select sid, avg(score) as avgmark from tb_record 
group by sid) temp on stuid=sid;

-- 查询每个学生的姓名和选课数量(左外连接和子查询)
select stuname, ifnull(total, 0) from tb_student 
left outer join (select sid, count(sid) as total from tb_record 
group by sid) as temp on stuid=sid;

LIMIT

-- 查询学生姓名、课程名称以及成绩按成绩从高到低查询第11-15条记录(分页和内连接)
-- 【1】
select stuname, couname, score from tb_student 
inner join tb_record on stuid=sid inner join tb_course on couid=cid 
where score is not null order by score desc limit 5 offset 10;
-- 【2】
select stuname, couname, score from tb_student 
inner join tb_record on stuid=sid inner join tb_course on couid=cid 
where score is not null order by score desc limit 10, 5;