template

-类型成为参数

-function template

    Perform similar operations on different types of data.

    eg: swap function template

template <classT>

void swap( T&x , T&y ){

	T temp=x;
	x=y;
	y=temp;
}

    -syntax:

        Only exact match on types is used.

        parameter types represent: -types of arguments to the function

                                                     -return type of the function

                                                     -declare variables within the function

    -template: declaration    

-function instantiation

    -The compiler deduces the template type from the actual arguments passed into the function.

    -Can be explicit:

        eg: the parameter is not in the function signature (older compiler won't allow this)

#include <iostream>
template <class T>

void foo(void){
	T a;
}

int main(){
	foo<int>();
	foo<float>();
	
	return 0;
}

    -templates can use multiple types

        template< class A, class B>

    -one more example:

#include <iostream>
template <class T>

void bubble_sort(vector<T> &a){
	const size_t last=a.size()-1;//size_t的全称应该是size type，就是说“一种用来记录大小的数据类型”。
				     //因为size_t类型的数据其实是保存了一个整数，所以它也可以做加减乘除，
				     //也可以转化为int并赋值给int类型的变量。
	for(int i=0;i<last-1;i++){
		for(int j=i+1;j<last;j++){
			if(a[j]<a[j-1]){     //the '<' has to be overloaded if T is a self-defined class
				swap(a[j],a[j-1]);//which swap?
			}
		}
	}		
}

int main(){
	
	return 0;
}

-templates and inheritance

    -templates can inherit from non-template classes

        template <class A>

        class Derived : public Base { ... }

    -templates can inherit from template classes

        template <class A>

        class Derived : public List<A> { ... }