The UNIX operating system is made up of three parts; the kernel, the shell and the programs.
进程是由唯一的PID(进程标识符)标识的执行程序。 文件是数据的集合。它们是由用户使用文本编辑器,运行的编译器等创建的。
Command | Meaning |
ls | list files and directories |
ls -a | list all files and directories |
mkdir | make a directory |
cd directory | change to named directory |
cd | change to home-directory |
cd ~ | change to home-directory |
cd .. | change to parent directory |
pwd | display the path of the current directory |
cp file1 file2 | copy file1 and call it file2 |
mv file1 file2 | move or rename file1 to file2 |
rm file | remove a file |
rmdir directory | remove a directory |
cat file | display a file |
less file | display a file a page at a time |
head file | display the first few lines of a file |
tail file | display the last few lines of a file |
grep 'keyword' file | search a file for keywords |
wc file | count number of lines/words/characters in file |
command > file | redirect standard output to a file |
command >> file | append standard output to a file |
command < file | redirect standard input from a file |
command1 | command2 | pipe the output of command1 to the input of command2 |
cat file1 file2 > file0 | concatenate file1 and file2 to file0 |
sort | sort data |
who | list users currently logged in |
* | match any number of characters |
? | match one character |
man command | read the online manual page for a command |
whatis command | brief description of a command |
apropos keyword | match commands with keyword in their man pages |
ls -lag | list access rights for all files |
chmod [options] file | change access rights for named file |
command & | run command in background |
^C | kill the job running in the foreground |
^Z | suspend the job running in the foreground |
bg | background the suspended job |
jobs | list current jobs |
fg %1 | foreground job number 1 |
kill %1 | kill job number 1 |
ps | list current processes |
kill 26152 | kill process number 26152 |
gzip science.txt | Zip of a file |
gunzip science.txt.gz | To expand the file, use the gunzip command. |
history | ordered list of all the commands that you have entered. |
find . -name "*.txt" -print | This searches through the directories for files and directories |
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