一、HTTP简介
HTTP 协议(HyperText Transfer Protocol,超文本传输协议)是因特网上应用最为广泛的一种网络传输协议,所有的 WWW 文件都必须遵守这个标准。HTTP 是一个基于 TCP/IP 通信协议来传递数据(HTML 文件, 图片文件, 查询结果等)。
二、HTTP工作原理
HTTP 协议工作于客户端-服务端架构上。浏览器作为 HTTP 客户端通过 URL 向 HTTP 服务端即 WEB 服务器发送所有请求。
Web 服务器有:Apache 服务器,IIS 服务器(Internet Information Services)等。
Web 服务器根据接收到的请求后,向客户端发送响应信息。
HTTP 默认端口号为 80,但是你也可以改为 8080 或者其他端口。
HTTP 三点注意事项:
(1)HTTP 是无连接:无连接的含义是限制每次连接只处理一个请求。服务器处理完客户的请求,并收到客户的应答后,即断开连接。采用这种方式可以节省传输时间。
(2)HTTP 是媒体独立的:这意味着,只要客户端和服务器知道如何处理的数据内容,任何类型的数据都可以通过 HTTP 发送。客户端以及服务器指定使用适合的 MIME-type 内容类型。
(3)HTTP是无状态:HTTP协议是无状态协议。无状态是指协议对于事务处理没有记忆能力。缺少状态意味着如果后续处理需要前面的信息,则它必须重传,这样可能导致每次连接传送的数据量增大。另一方面,在服务器不需要先前信息时它的应答就较快。
以下图表展示了 HTTP 协议通信流程:
三、HTTP消息结构
HTTP 是基于客户端/服务端(C/S)的架构模型,通过一个可靠的链接来交换信息,是一个无状态的请求/响应协议。
一个 HTTP"客户端"是一个应用程序(Web 浏览器或其他任何客户端),通过连接到服务器达到向服务器发送一个或多个 HTTP 的请求的目的。
一个 HTTP"服务器"同样也是一个应用程序(通常是一个 Web 服务,如 Apache Web 服务器或 IIS 服务器等),通过接收客户端的请求并向客户端发送 HTTP 响应数据。
HTTP 使用统一资源标识符(Uniform Resource Identifiers, URI)来传输数据和建立连接。一旦建立连接后,数据消息就通过类似 Internet 邮件所使用的格式[RFC5322]和多用途Internet 邮件扩展(MIME)[RFC2045]来传送。
1、客户端请求消息
客户端发送一个 HTTP 请求到服务器的请求消息包括以下格式:请求行(request line)、请求头部(header)、空行和请求数据四个部分组成,下图给出了请求报文的一般格式。
2、服务端请求消息
HTTP 响应也由四个部分组成,分别是:状态行、消息报头、空行和响应正文。
下面实例是一点典型的使用 GET 来传递数据的实例:
客户端请求:
GET /hello.txt HTTP/1.1
User-Agent: curl/7.16.3 libcurl/7.16.3 OpenSSL/0.9.7l zlib/1.2.3
Host: www.example.com
Accept-Language: en, mi
服务端响应:
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Mon, 27 Jul 2009 12:28:53 GMT
Server: Apache
Last-Modified: Wed, 22 Jul 2009 19:15:56 GMT
ETag: "34aa387-d-1568eb00"
Accept-Ranges: bytes
Content-Length: 51
Vary: Accept-Encoding
Content-Type: text/plain
输出结果:
Hello World! My payload includes a trailing CRLF.
四、HTTP请求方法
根据 HTTP 标准,HTTP 请求可以使用多种请求方法。
HTTP1.0 定义了三种请求方法: GET, POST 和 HEAD 方法。
HTTP1.1 新增了六种请求方法:OPTIONS、PUT、PATCH、DELETE、TRACE 和 CONNECT 方法。
五、HTTP状态码
当浏览者访问一个网页时,浏览者的浏览器会向网页所在服务器发出请求。当浏览器接收并显示网页前,此网页所在的服务器会返回一个包含 HTTP 状态码的信息头(server header)用以响应浏览器的请求。
HTTP 状态码的英文为 HTTP Status Code。
下面是常见的 HTTP 状态码:
(1)200 - 请求成功
(2)301 - 资源(网页等)被永久转移到其它 URL
(3)404 - 请求的资源(网页等)不存在
(4)500 - 内部服务器错误
HTTP 状态码由三个十进制数字组成,第一个十进制数字定义了状态码的类型,后两个数字没有分类的作用。HTTP 状态码共分为 5 种类型:
六、真实示例
http的tcp连接的生命周期:
先acceptcb、再readcb、再writecb。
1、acceptcb:建立http连接;
2、readcb:接受客户端http请求;
3、writecb:发送http响应。
本实例的重点是在reactor的基础上去实现http协议。
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <sys/epoll.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <sys/sendfile.h>
#define BUFFER_LENGTH 4096
#define MAX_EPOLL_EVENTS 1024
#define SERVER_PORT 8888
#define PORT_COUNT 1
#define HTTP_WEBSERVER_HTML_ROOT "html"
#define HTTP_METHOD_GET 0
#define HTTP_METHOD_POST 1
typedef int NCALLBACK(int ,int, void*);
struct ntyevent {
int fd;
int events;
void *arg;
int (*callback)(int fd, int events, void *arg);
int status;
char buffer[BUFFER_LENGTH];
int length;
long last_active;
// http param
int method; // get / post
char resource[BUFFER_LENGTH]; //资源位。url的长度
int ret_code;
};
struct eventblock {
struct eventblock *next;
struct ntyevent *events;
};
struct ntyreactor {
int epfd;
int blkcnt;
struct eventblock *evblk; //fd --> 100w
};
int recv_cb(int fd, int events, void *arg);
int send_cb(int fd, int events, void *arg);
struct ntyevent *ntyreactor_idx(struct ntyreactor *reactor, int sockfd);
void nty_event_set(struct ntyevent *ev, int fd, NCALLBACK callback, void *arg) {
ev->fd = fd;
ev->callback = callback;
ev->events = 0;
ev->arg = arg;
ev->last_active = time(NULL);
return ;
}
int nty_event_add(int epfd, int events, struct ntyevent *ev) {
struct epoll_event ep_ev = {0, {0}};
ep_ev.data.ptr = ev;
ep_ev.events = ev->events = events;
int op;
if (ev->status == 1) {
op = EPOLL_CTL_MOD;
} else {
op = EPOLL_CTL_ADD;
ev->status = 1;
}
if (epoll_ctl(epfd, op, ev->fd, &ep_ev) < 0) {
printf("event add failed [fd=%d], events[%d]\n", ev->fd, events);
return -1;
}
return 0;
}
int nty_event_del(int epfd, struct ntyevent *ev) {
struct epoll_event ep_ev = {0, {0}};
if (ev->status != 1) {
return -1;
}
ep_ev.data.ptr = ev;
ev->status = 0;
epoll_ctl(epfd, EPOLL_CTL_DEL, ev->fd, &ep_ev);
return 0;
}
int readline(char *allbuf, int idx, char *linebuf) {//idx是读取的位置,第几行
int len = strlen(allbuf);
for(;idx < len;idx ++) {
if (allbuf[idx] == '\r' && allbuf[idx+1] == '\n') {
return idx+2; // \r\n\r\n,是idx+4
} else {
*(linebuf++) = allbuf[idx];
}
}
return -1;
}
int http_request(struct ntyevent *ev) { //在http数据接收完后,才处理的
// GET, POST 先判断是GET 还是POST,DELETE HEAD不常用
char linebuf[1024] = {0};
int idx = readline(ev->buffer, 0, linebuf);//读一行,以\r\n分割的
if (strstr(linebuf, "GET")) {
//例子: GET /index.html HTTP/1.1
ev->method = HTTP_METHOD_GET;
//uri, 即 /index.html
int i = 0;
while (linebuf[sizeof("GET ") + i] != ' ') i++;
linebuf[sizeof("GET ")+i] = '\0';
sprintf(ev->resource, "./%s/%s", HTTP_WEBSERVER_HTML_ROOT, linebuf+sizeof("GET "));
} else if (strstr(linebuf, "POST")) {
}
}
int recv_cb(int fd, int events, void *arg) {
struct ntyreactor *reactor = (struct ntyreactor*)arg;
struct ntyevent *ev = ntyreactor_idx(reactor, fd);
int len = recv(fd, ev->buffer, BUFFER_LENGTH, 0); //
if (len > 0) {
ev->length = len;
ev->buffer[len] = '\0';
printf("C[%d]:%s\n", fd, ev->buffer); //http
http_request(ev);//这里是保证数据全部接收完成,再http request,再send_cb
//send();
nty_event_del(reactor->epfd, ev);
nty_event_set(ev, fd, send_cb, reactor);
nty_event_add(reactor->epfd, EPOLLOUT, ev);
} else if (len == 0) {
nty_event_del(reactor->epfd, ev);
close(ev->fd);
//printf("[fd=%d] pos[%ld], closed\n", fd, ev-reactor->events);
} else {
nty_event_del(reactor->epfd, ev);
close(ev->fd);
printf("recv[fd=%d] error[%d]:%s\n", fd, errno, strerror(errno));
}
return len;
}
int http_response(struct ntyevent *ev) {
if (ev == NULL) return -1;
memset(ev->buffer, 0, BUFFER_LENGTH);
#if 0
const char *html = "<html><head><title>hello http</title></head><body><H1>King</H1></body></html>\r\n\r\n";
ev->length = sprintf(ev->buffer,
"HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n\
Date: Thu, 11 Nov 2021 12:28:52 GMT\r\n\
Content-Type: text/html;charset=ISO-8859-1\r\n\
Content-Length: 83\r\n\r\n%s",
html);
#else
printf("resource: %s\n", ev->resource); //ev->resource即是index.html静态文件,存在磁盘上
int filefd = open(ev->resource, O_RDONLY);
if (filefd == -1) { // return 404
ev->ret_code = 404;
ev->length = sprintf(ev->buffer,
"HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found\r\n"
"Date: Thu, 11 Nov 2021 12:28:52 GMT\r\n"
"Content-Type: text/html;charset=ISO-8859-1\r\n"
"Content-Length: 85\r\n\r\n"
"<html><head><title>404 Not Found</title></head><body><H1>404</H1></body></html>\r\n\r\n" );
} else {
struct stat stat_buf; //stat结构体,获取文件属性,主要是为了得到文件的总长度
fstat(filefd, &stat_buf);
close(filefd);
if (S_ISDIR(stat_buf.st_mode)) {
ev->ret_code = 404; //HTTP FAILED
ev->length = sprintf(ev->buffer,
"HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found\r\n"
"Date: Thu, 11 Nov 2021 12:28:52 GMT\r\n"
"Content-Type: text/html;charset=ISO-8859-1\r\n"
"Content-Length: 85\r\n\r\n"
"<html><head><title>404 Not Found</title></head><body><H1>404</H1></body></html>\r\n\r\n" ); // \n和\r,分别都算1个
} else if (S_ISREG(stat_buf.st_mode)) {
ev->ret_code = 200; //HTTP OK
ev->length = sprintf(ev->buffer,
"HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n"
"Date: Thu, 11 Nov 2021 12:28:52 GMT\r\n"
"Content-Type: text/html;charset=ISO-8859-1\r\n"
"Content-Length: %ld\r\n\r\n",
stat_buf.st_size );
}
}
#endif
return ev->length;
}
int send_cb(int fd, int events, void *arg) {
struct ntyreactor *reactor = (struct ntyreactor*)arg;
struct ntyevent *ev = ntyreactor_idx(reactor, fd);
http_response(ev);
int len = send(fd, ev->buffer, ev->length, 0);
if (len > 0) {
printf("send[fd=%d], [%d]%s\n", fd, len, ev->buffer);
if (ev->ret_code == 200) {
int filefd = open(ev->resource, O_RDONLY);
struct stat stat_buf;
fstat(filefd, &stat_buf);
sendfile(fd, filefd, NULL, stat_buf.st_size); // 发送文件,map 零拷贝
close(filefd);
}
nty_event_del(reactor->epfd, ev);
nty_event_set(ev, fd, recv_cb, reactor);
nty_event_add(reactor->epfd, EPOLLIN, ev);
} else {
close(ev->fd);
nty_event_del(reactor->epfd, ev);
printf("send[fd=%d] error %s\n", fd, strerror(errno));
}
return len;
}
int accept_cb(int fd, int events, void *arg) {
struct ntyreactor *reactor = (struct ntyreactor*)arg;
if (reactor == NULL) return -1;
struct sockaddr_in client_addr;
socklen_t len = sizeof(client_addr);
int clientfd;
if ((clientfd = accept(fd, (struct sockaddr*)&client_addr, &len)) == -1) {
if (errno != EAGAIN && errno != EINTR) {
}
printf("accept: %s\n", strerror(errno));
return -1;
}
int flag = 0;
if ((flag = fcntl(clientfd, F_SETFL, O_NONBLOCK)) < 0) {
printf("%s: fcntl nonblocking failed, %d\n", __func__, MAX_EPOLL_EVENTS);
return -1;
}
struct ntyevent *event = ntyreactor_idx(reactor, clientfd);
nty_event_set(event, clientfd, recv_cb, reactor);
nty_event_add(reactor->epfd, EPOLLIN, event);
printf("new connect [%s:%d], pos[%d]\n",
inet_ntoa(client_addr.sin_addr), ntohs(client_addr.sin_port), clientfd);
return 0;
}
int init_sock(short port) {
int fd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
fcntl(fd, F_SETFL, O_NONBLOCK);
struct sockaddr_in server_addr;
memset(&server_addr, 0, sizeof(server_addr));
server_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
server_addr.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_ANY);
server_addr.sin_port = htons(port);
bind(fd, (struct sockaddr*)&server_addr, sizeof(server_addr));
if (listen(fd, 20) < 0) {
printf("listen failed : %s\n", strerror(errno));
}
return fd;
}
int ntyreactor_alloc(struct ntyreactor *reactor) {
if (reactor == NULL) return -1;
if (reactor->evblk == NULL) return -1;
struct eventblock *blk = reactor->evblk;
while (blk->next != NULL) {
blk = blk->next;
}
struct ntyevent *evs = (struct ntyevent*)malloc((MAX_EPOLL_EVENTS) * sizeof(struct ntyevent));
if (evs == NULL) {
printf("ntyreactor_alloc ntyevents failed\n");
return -2;
}
memset(evs, 0, (MAX_EPOLL_EVENTS) * sizeof(struct ntyevent));
struct eventblock *block = (struct eventblock *)malloc(sizeof(struct eventblock));
if (block == NULL) {
printf("ntyreactor_alloc eventblock failed\n");
return -2;
}
memset(block, 0, sizeof(struct eventblock));
block->events = evs;
block->next = NULL;
blk->next = block;
reactor->blkcnt ++;
return 0;
}
struct ntyevent *ntyreactor_idx(struct ntyreactor *reactor, int sockfd) {
int blkidx = sockfd / MAX_EPOLL_EVENTS;
while (blkidx >= reactor->blkcnt) {
ntyreactor_alloc(reactor);
}
int i = 0;
struct eventblock *blk = reactor->evblk;
while(i ++ < blkidx && blk != NULL) {
blk = blk->next;
}
return &blk->events[sockfd % MAX_EPOLL_EVENTS];
}
int ntyreactor_init(struct ntyreactor *reactor) {
if (reactor == NULL) return -1;
memset(reactor, 0, sizeof(struct ntyreactor));
reactor->epfd = epoll_create(1);
if (reactor->epfd <= 0) {
printf("create epfd in %s err %s\n", __func__, strerror(errno));
return -2;
}
struct ntyevent *evs = (struct ntyevent*)malloc((MAX_EPOLL_EVENTS) * sizeof(struct ntyevent));
if (evs == NULL) {
printf("ntyreactor_alloc ntyevents failed\n");
return -2;
}
memset(evs, 0, (MAX_EPOLL_EVENTS) * sizeof(struct ntyevent));
struct eventblock *block = (struct eventblock *)malloc(sizeof(struct eventblock));
if (block == NULL) {
printf("ntyreactor_alloc eventblock failed\n");
return -2;
}
memset(block, 0, sizeof(struct eventblock));
block->events = evs;
block->next = NULL;
reactor->evblk = block;
reactor->blkcnt = 1;
return 0;
}
int ntyreactor_destory(struct ntyreactor *reactor) {
close(reactor->epfd);
struct eventblock *blk = reactor->evblk;
struct eventblock *blk_next = NULL;
while (blk != NULL) {
blk_next = blk->next;
free(blk->events);
free(blk);
blk = blk_next;
}
return 0;
}
int ntyreactor_addlistener(struct ntyreactor *reactor, int sockfd, NCALLBACK *acceptor) {
if (reactor == NULL) return -1;
if (reactor->evblk == NULL) return -1;
struct ntyevent *event = ntyreactor_idx(reactor, sockfd);
nty_event_set(event, sockfd, acceptor, reactor);
nty_event_add(reactor->epfd, EPOLLIN, event);
return 0;
}
int ntyreactor_run(struct ntyreactor *reactor) {
if (reactor == NULL) return -1;
if (reactor->epfd < 0) return -1;
if (reactor->evblk == NULL) return -1;
struct epoll_event events[MAX_EPOLL_EVENTS+1];
int checkpos = 0, i;
while (1) {
int nready = epoll_wait(reactor->epfd, events, MAX_EPOLL_EVENTS, 1000);
if (nready < 0) {
printf("epoll_wait error, exit\n");
continue;
}
for (i = 0;i < nready;i ++) {
struct ntyevent *ev = (struct ntyevent*)events[i].data.ptr;
if ((events[i].events & EPOLLIN) && (ev->events & EPOLLIN)) {
ev->callback(ev->fd, events[i].events, ev->arg);
}
if ((events[i].events & EPOLLOUT) && (ev->events & EPOLLOUT)) {
ev->callback(ev->fd, events[i].events, ev->arg);
}
}
}
}
// 3, 6w, 1, 100 ==
// <remoteip, remoteport, localip, localport>
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
unsigned short port = SERVER_PORT; // listen 8888
if (argc == 2) {
port = atoi(argv[1]);
}
struct ntyreactor *reactor = (struct ntyreactor*)malloc(sizeof(struct ntyreactor));
ntyreactor_init(reactor);
int i = 0;
int sockfds[PORT_COUNT] = {0};
for (i = 0;i < PORT_COUNT;i ++) {
sockfds[i] = init_sock(port+i);
ntyreactor_addlistener(reactor, sockfds[i], accept_cb);
}
ntyreactor_run(reactor);
ntyreactor_destory(reactor);
for (i = 0;i < PORT_COUNT;i ++) {
close(sockfds[i]);
}
free(reactor);
return 0;
}
参考链接:
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