ArrayList类

简要说明

ArrayList内部实际上使用了一个Object数组来存储数据，并非真实的泛型，通过无参构造方法创建的ArrayList，其默认的初始化大小为10。ArrayList扩容的本质是创建新数组，然后复制元素来实现的。插入元素可能会导致移动插入位置之后的所有元素，每次插入元素，都需要检查数组大小，以决定是否需要扩容。获取元素是从Object数组中取出元素，然后强制转换成的类型。

1. 内部存储

ArrayList内部实际上使用了一个Object数组来存储数据，并非真实的泛型：

    /**
     * The array buffer into which the elements of the ArrayList are stored.
     * The capacity of the ArrayList is the length of this array buffer.
     */
    private transient Object[] elementData;

    /**
     * The size of the ArrayList (the number of elements it contains).
     *
     * @serial
     */
    private int size;

2.构造方法

ArrayList有三个构造方法：
(1)接受一个初始容量值的构造方法：

    /**
     * Constructs an empty list with the specified initial capacity.
     *
     * @param   initialCapacity   the initial capacity of the list
     * @exception IllegalArgumentException if the specified initial capacity is negative
     */
    public ArrayList(int initialCapacity) {
        super();
        if (initialCapacity < 0)
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal Capacity: "+initialCapacity);
        this.elementData = new Object[initialCapacity];
    }

(2) 无参构造方法，无参构造方法，会初始化一给大小为10的Object数组

    /**
     * Constructs an empty list with an initial capacity of ten.
     */
    public ArrayList() {
    this(10);
    }

(3) 接受一个集合参数的构造方法：

    /**
     * Constructs a list containing the elements of the specified
     * collection, in the order they are returned by the collection's
     * iterator.
     *
     * @param c the collection whose elements are to be placed into this list
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null
     */
    public ArrayList(Collection<? extends E> c) {
    elementData = c.toArray();
    size = elementData.length;
    // c.toArray might (incorrectly) not return Object[] (see 6260652)
    if (elementData.getClass() != Object[].class)
        elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size, Object[].class);
    }

3.添加元素到尾部

向ArrayList中添加元素的最简单方法是add(Object)，这个方法做了两件事：
- 检查数组长度，如果数组总长度length < size + 1（size是当前列表中元素个数），则需要对数组扩容。扩容的方法就是重新分配一个新数组，然后复制元素到新数组中。
- 将元素添加到数组末位
代码如下：

    /**
     * Appends the specified element to the end of this list.
     *
     * @param e element to be appended to this list
     * @return <tt>true</tt> (as specified by {@link Collection#add})
     */
    public boolean add(E e) {
        ensureCapacity(size + 1);  // Increments modCount!!
        elementData[size++] = e;
    return true;
    }

其中，ensureCapacity方法就是检查数组容量是否足够的，如果不够则扩容，扩容算法为：int newCapacity = (oldCapacity * 3)/2 + 1;

     * Increases the capacity of this <tt>ArrayList</tt> instance, if
     * necessary, to ensure that it can hold at least the number of elements
     * specified by the minimum capacity argument.
     *
     * @param   minCapacity   the desired minimum capacity
     */
    public void ensureCapacity(int minCapacity) {
        modCount++;
        int oldCapacity = elementData.length;
        if (minCapacity > oldCapacity) {
            Object oldData[] = elementData;
            int newCapacity = (oldCapacity * 3)/2 + 1;
            if (newCapacity < minCapacity)
                newCapacity = minCapacity;
            // minCapacity is usually close to size, so this is a win:
            elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, newCapacity);
        }
    }

4. 插入元素到指定位置

插入元素会导致元素移动，操作步骤：先检查是否需要扩容，然后计算是否需要移动元素，如有则先移动元素，最后把新元素插入到指定位置。

    /**
     * Inserts the specified element at the specified position in this
     * list. Shifts the element currently at that position (if any) and
     * any subsequent elements to the right (adds one to their indices).
     *
     * @param index index at which the specified element is to be inserted
     * @param element element to be inserted
     * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
     */
    public void add(int index, E element) {
    if (index > size || index < 0)
        throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(
        "Index: "+index+", Size: "+size);

    ensureCapacity(size+1);  // Increments modCount!!
    System.arraycopy(elementData, index, elementData, index + 1,
             size - index);
    elementData[index] = element;
    size++;
    }

5. 获取元素

从Object数组中取到元素，然后强制转换成中的类型

    /**
     * Returns the element at the specified position in this list.
     *
     * @param  index index of the element to return
     * @return the element at the specified position in this list
     * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
     */
    public E get(int index) {
    RangeCheck(index);
    return (E) elementData[index];
    }