在Android中,SPI(Serial Peripheral Interface)是一种重要的串行通信协议,广泛应用于嵌入式系统和硬件控制。以下是详细介绍:
📡 SPI协议基础
SPI协议简介
SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) 是由摩托罗拉公司开发的全双工同步串行通信协议,用于短距离通信。
主要特点:
- 🔄 全双工通信:可以同时发送和接收数据
- ⚡ 高速传输:支持高达几十MHz的时钟频率
- 🏗️ 主从架构:一个主设备控制多个从设备
- 📍 简单协议:没有复杂的寻址机制
SPI信号线:
SCLK (Serial Clock) - 时钟信号线
MOSI (Master Out Slave In) - 主设备输出,从设备输入
MISO (Master In Slave Out) - 主设备输入,从设备输出
SS/CS (Slave Select/Chip Select) - 片选信号线
🔧 Android中SPI的实现层次
1. 硬件抽象层(HAL)
// hardware/interfaces/spi/1.0/ISpi.hal
interface ISpi {
open(string device) generates (int32_t fd);
transfer(int32_t fd, vec<uint8_t> txData) generates (vec<uint8_t> rxData);
setMode(int32_t fd, uint32_t mode);
setSpeed(int32_t fd, uint32_t speed);
close(int32_t fd);
};
2. 内核驱动层
// Linux SPI子系统
/dev/spidev0.0, /dev/spidev0.1, /dev/spidev1.0... // SPI设备节点
// 内核中的SPI控制器
struct spi_controller {
struct device *dev;
s16 bus_num;
u16 num_chipselect;
u16 dma_alignment;
// ...
};
3. 应用层接口
// Android Framework层
public class SpiManager {
public SpiDevice openSpiDevice(String deviceName, int chipSelect);
public void closeSpiDevice(SpiDevice device);
}
📱 Android中SPI的应用场景
1. 传感器通信
// 加速度计、陀螺仪、压力传感器
public class SensorSpiManager {
private static final String SPI_DEVICE = "/dev/spidev0.0";
private static final int ACCELEROMETER_CS = 0;
public void readAccelerometerData() {
// 通过SPI读取加速度计数据
}
}
2. 显示屏控制
// TFT LCD、OLED显示屏控制
public class DisplaySpiController {
private static final String SPI_DEVICE = "/dev/spidev1.0";
public void sendDisplayCommand(byte[] command) {
// 通过SPI发送显示命令
}
public void sendDisplayData(byte[] data) {
// 通过SPI发送显示数据
}
}
3. 存储设备
// SPI Flash、SD卡等存储设备
public class StorageSpiManager {
private static final String SPI_DEVICE = "/dev/spidev2.0";
public void writeFlash(int address, byte[] data) {
// 通过SPI写入Flash存储
}
public byte[] readFlash(int address, int length) {
// 通过SPI读取Flash数据
return null;
}
}
🛠️ Android SPI编程实现
方法一:使用Android Things API(已废弃)
public class SpiDeviceManager {
private static final String SPI_DEVICE_NAME = "SPI0.0";
private static final int SPI_FREQUENCY = 1000000; // 1MHz
private PeripheralManager peripheralManager;
private SpiDevice spiDevice;
public void initSpi() {
try {
peripheralManager = PeripheralManager.getInstance();
spiDevice = peripheralManager.openSpiDevice(SPI_DEVICE_NAME);
// 配置SPI参数
configureSpi();
} catch (IOException e) {
Log.e("SPI", "初始化SPI设备失败", e);
}
}
private void configureSpi() throws IOException {
// 设置SPI模式
spiDevice.setMode(SpiDevice.MODE0);
// 设置频率
spiDevice.setFrequency(SPI_FREQUENCY);
// 设置位宽
spiDevice.setBitsPerWord(8);
// 设置字节序
spiDevice.setBitJustification(SpiDevice.BIT_JUSTIFICATION_MSB_FIRST);
}
public byte[] transferData(byte[] txData) {
try {
byte[] rxData = new byte[txData.length];
spiDevice.transfer(txData, rxData, txData.length);
return rxData;
} catch (IOException e) {
Log.e("SPI", "SPI数据传输失败", e);
return null;
}
}
public void writeData(byte[] data) {
try {
spiDevice.write(data, data.length);
} catch (IOException e) {
Log.e("SPI", "SPI写入数据失败", e);
}
}
public byte[] readData(int length) {
try {
byte[] buffer = new byte[length];
spiDevice.read(buffer, length);
return buffer;
} catch (IOException e) {
Log.e("SPI", "SPI读取数据失败", e);
return null;
}
}
public void closeSpi() {
if (spiDevice != null) {
try {
spiDevice.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
Log.e("SPI", "关闭SPI设备失败", e);
}
}
}
}
方法二:通过JNI调用Linux SPI接口
Java层:
public class NativeSpiManager {
static {
System.loadLibrary("spi_native");
}
// 本地方法声明
public native int openSpiDevice(String devicePath, int mode, int speed, int bitsPerWord);
public native int transferSpiData(int fd, byte[] txData, byte[] rxData, int length);
public native int writeSpiData(int fd, byte[] data, int length);
public native int readSpiData(int fd, byte[] buffer, int length);
public native void closeSpiDevice(int fd);
private int deviceFd = -1;
public boolean initSpi(String devicePath, int mode, int speed, int bitsPerWord) {
deviceFd = openSpiDevice(devicePath, mode, speed, bitsPerWord);
return deviceFd >= 0;
}
public byte[] transfer(byte[] txData) {
if (deviceFd < 0) return null;
byte[] rxData = new byte[txData.length];
int result = transferSpiData(deviceFd, txData, rxData, txData.length);
return result >= 0 ? rxData : null;
}
public boolean write(byte[] data) {
if (deviceFd < 0) return false;
return writeSpiData(deviceFd, data, data.length) >= 0;
}
public byte[] read(int length) {
if (deviceFd < 0) return null;
byte[] buffer = new byte[length];
int result = readSpiData(deviceFd, buffer, length);
return result >= 0 ? buffer : null;
}
}
C/C++层(JNI实现):
#include <jni.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
#include <linux/spi/spidev.h>
#include <android/log.h>
#define TAG "SPI_JNI"
#define LOGI(...) __android_log_print(ANDROID_LOG_INFO, TAG, __VA_ARGS__)
#define LOGE(...) __android_log_print(ANDROID_LOG_ERROR, TAG, __VA_ARGS__)
// 打开SPI设备
JNIEXPORT jint JNICALL
Java_com_example_NativeSpiManager_openSpiDevice(JNIEnv *env, jobject thiz,
jstring device_path, jint mode,
jint speed, jint bits_per_word) {
const char *path = (*env)->GetStringUTFChars(env, device_path, 0);
// 打开SPI设备文件
int fd = open(path, O_RDWR);
if (fd < 0) {
LOGE("无法打开SPI设备: %s", path);
(*env)->ReleaseStringUTFChars(env, device_path, path);
return -1;
}
// 设置SPI模式
if (ioctl(fd, SPI_IOC_WR_MODE, &mode) < 0) {
LOGE("设置SPI模式失败: %d", mode);
close(fd);
(*env)->ReleaseStringUTFChars(env, device_path, path);
return -1;
}
// 设置SPI速度
if (ioctl(fd, SPI_IOC_WR_MAX_SPEED_HZ, &speed) < 0) {
LOGE("设置SPI速度失败: %d", speed);
close(fd);
(*env)->ReleaseStringUTFChars(env, device_path, path);
return -1;
}
// 设置位宽
if (ioctl(fd, SPI_IOC_WR_BITS_PER_WORD, &bits_per_word) < 0) {
LOGE("设置SPI位宽失败: %d", bits_per_word);
close(fd);
(*env)->ReleaseStringUTFChars(env, device_path, path);
return -1;
}
LOGI("成功打开SPI设备: %s, fd: %d", path, fd);
(*env)->ReleaseStringUTFChars(env, device_path, path);
return fd;
}
// SPI数据传输
JNIEXPORT jint JNICALL
Java_com_example_NativeSpiManager_transferSpiData(JNIEnv *env, jobject thiz,
jint fd, jbyteArray tx_data,
jbyteArray rx_data, jint length) {
jbyte *tx_buf = (*env)->GetByteArrayElements(env, tx_data, 0);
jbyte *rx_buf = (*env)->GetByteArrayElements(env, rx_data, 0);
// 构建SPI传输结构
struct spi_ioc_transfer transfer = {
.tx_buf = (unsigned long)tx_buf,
.rx_buf = (unsigned long)rx_buf,
.len = length,
.delay_usecs = 0,
.speed_hz = 0,
.bits_per_word = 0,
};
// 执行SPI传输
int result = ioctl(fd, SPI_IOC_MESSAGE(1), &transfer);
(*env)->ReleaseByteArrayElements(env, tx_data, tx_buf, JNI_ABORT);
(*env)->ReleaseByteArrayElements(env, rx_data, rx_buf, 0);
if (result < 0) {
LOGE("SPI传输失败");
return -1;
}
return length;
}
// SPI写入数据
JNIEXPORT jint JNICALL
Java_com_example_NativeSpiManager_writeSpiData(JNIEnv *env, jobject thiz,
jint fd, jbyteArray data, jint length) {
jbyte *buf = (*env)->GetByteArrayElements(env, data, 0);
// 构建SPI传输结构(只写)
struct spi_ioc_transfer transfer = {
.tx_buf = (unsigned long)buf,
.rx_buf = 0,
.len = length,
.delay_usecs = 0,
.speed_hz = 0,
.bits_per_word = 0,
};
// 执行SPI写入
int result = ioctl(fd, SPI_IOC_MESSAGE(1), &transfer);
(*env)->ReleaseByteArrayElements(env, data, buf, JNI_ABORT);
if (result < 0) {
LOGE("SPI写入失败");
return -1;
}
return length;
}
// SPI读取数据
JNIEXPORT jint JNICALL
Java_com_example_NativeSpiManager_readSpiData(JNIEnv *env, jobject thiz,
jint fd, jbyteArray buffer, jint length) {
jbyte *buf = (*env)->GetByteArrayElements(env, buffer, 0);
// 构建SPI传输结构(只读)
struct spi_ioc_transfer transfer = {
.tx_buf = 0,
.rx_buf = (unsigned long)buf,
.len = length,
.delay_usecs = 0,
.speed_hz = 0,
.bits_per_word = 0,
};
// 执行SPI读取
int result = ioctl(fd, SPI_IOC_MESSAGE(1), &transfer);
(*env)->ReleaseByteArrayElements(env, buffer, buf, 0);
if (result < 0) {
LOGE("SPI读取失败");
return -1;
}
return length;
}
// 关闭SPI设备
JNIEXPORT void JNICALL
Java_com_example_NativeSpiManager_closeSpiDevice(JNIEnv *env, jobject thiz, jint fd) {
if (fd >= 0) {
close(fd);
LOGI("SPI设备已关闭");
}
}
🔍 SPI模式和配置
SPI工作模式:
public class SpiModes {
// SPI模式定义
public static final int MODE_0 = 0; // CPOL=0, CPHA=0
public static final int MODE_1 = 1; // CPOL=0, CPHA=1
public static final int MODE_2 = 2; // CPOL=1, CPHA=0
public static final int MODE_3 = 3; // CPOL=1, CPHA=1
// 时钟极性和相位
// CPOL: 时钟极性 (Clock Polarity)
// CPHA: 时钟相位 (Clock Phase)
}
配置参数:
public class SpiConfiguration {
private int mode = 0; // SPI模式
private int speed = 1000000; // 时钟频率 (Hz)
private int bitsPerWord = 8; // 每个字的位数
private int delay = 0; // 传输延迟 (μs)
public void configureSpi(SpiDevice device) throws IOException {
device.setMode(mode);
device.setFrequency(speed);
device.setBitsPerWord(bitsPerWord);
}
}
🔧 实际应用示例
1. 温度传感器读取
public class TemperatureSensor {
private NativeSpiManager spiManager;
private static final String SPI_DEVICE = "/dev/spidev0.0";
public void initSensor() {
spiManager = new NativeSpiManager();
spiManager.initSpi(SPI_DEVICE, 0, 1000000, 8);
}
public float readTemperature() {
// 发送读取命令
byte[] command = {0x03, 0x00}; // 读取温度寄存器
byte[] response = spiManager.transfer(command);
if (response != null && response.length >= 2) {
// 解析温度数据
int rawTemp = ((response[0] & 0xFF) << 8) | (response[1] & 0xFF);
return rawTemp * 0.0625f; // 转换为摄氏度
}
return Float.NaN;
}
}
2. LED矩阵控制
public class LedMatrixController {
private NativeSpiManager spiManager;
private static final String SPI_DEVICE = "/dev/spidev1.0";
public void initMatrix() {
spiManager = new NativeSpiManager();
spiManager.initSpi(SPI_DEVICE, 0, 10000000, 8); // 10MHz
}
public void displayPattern(byte[][] pattern) {
for (int row = 0; row < pattern.length; row++) {
// 发送行地址
byte[] rowCmd = {(byte)(0x01 + row), pattern[row][0]};
spiManager.write(rowCmd);
// 短暂延迟
try {
Thread.sleep(1);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
}
}
}
}
3. Flash存储操作
public class SpiFlashManager {
private NativeSpiManager spiManager;
private static final String SPI_DEVICE = "/dev/spidev2.0";
// Flash命令
private static final byte CMD_READ = 0x03;
private static final byte CMD_WRITE = 0x02;
private static final byte CMD_ERASE = 0x20;
private static final byte CMD_WRITE_ENABLE = 0x06;
public void initFlash() {
spiManager = new NativeSpiManager();
spiManager.initSpi(SPI_DEVICE, 0, 25000000, 8); // 25MHz
}
public void writeFlash(int address, byte[] data) {
// 写使能
spiManager.write(new byte[]{CMD_WRITE_ENABLE});
// 构建写命令
byte[] writeCmd = new byte[4 + data.length];
writeCmd[0] = CMD_WRITE;
writeCmd[1] = (byte)((address >> 16) & 0xFF);
writeCmd[2] = (byte)((address >> 8) & 0xFF);
writeCmd[3] = (byte)(address & 0xFF);
System.arraycopy(data, 0, writeCmd, 4, data.length);
// 执行写入
spiManager.write(writeCmd);
}
public byte[] readFlash(int address, int length) {
// 构建读命令
byte[] readCmd = {
CMD_READ,
(byte)((address >> 16) & 0xFF),
(byte)((address >> 8) & 0xFF),
(byte)(address & 0xFF)
};
// 发送读命令并接收数据
byte[] fullCmd = new byte[4 + length];
System.arraycopy(readCmd, 0, fullCmd, 0, 4);
byte[] response = spiManager.transfer(fullCmd);
if (response != null && response.length > 4) {
byte[] data = new byte[length];
System.arraycopy(response, 4, data, 0, length);
return data;
}
return null;
}
}
⚠️ 注意事项和最佳实践
1. 权限配置
<!-- AndroidManifest.xml -->
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_HARDWARE_PERIPHERALS" />
<!-- SELinux权限配置 -->
<!-- sepolicy/device.te -->
allow untrusted_app spi_device:chr_file { read write open ioctl };
2. 错误处理
public class RobustSpiManager {
private static final int MAX_RETRY_COUNT = 3;
public byte[] transferWithRetry(byte[] txData) {
for (int i = 0; i < MAX_RETRY_COUNT; i++) {
try {
byte[] result = transfer(txData);
if (result != null) {
return result;
}
} catch (Exception e) {
Log.w("SPI", "传输失败,重试 " + (i + 1) + "/" + MAX_RETRY_COUNT, e);
// 短暂延迟后重试
try {
Thread.sleep(10);
} catch (InterruptedException ie) {
Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
break;
}
}
}
return null;
}
}
3. 线程安全
public class ThreadSafeSpiManager {
private final Object spiLock = new Object();
public byte[] transfer(byte[] txData) {
synchronized (spiLock) {
return performTransfer(txData);
}
}
public boolean write(byte[] data) {
synchronized (spiLock) {
return performWrite(data);
}
}
}
4. 资源管理
public class SpiResourceManager implements AutoCloseable {
private NativeSpiManager spiManager;
public SpiResourceManager(String devicePath, int mode, int speed, int bitsPerWord) {
spiManager = new NativeSpiManager();
if (!spiManager.initSpi(devicePath, mode, speed, bitsPerWord)) {
throw new RuntimeException("Failed to initialize SPI device");
}
}
@Override
public void close() {
if (spiManager != null) {
spiManager.closeSpi();
spiManager = null;
}
}
// 使用try-with-resources确保资源释放
public static void example() {
try (SpiResourceManager manager = new SpiResourceManager("/dev/spidev0.0", 0, 1000000, 8)) {
// 使用SPI设备
} catch (Exception e) {
Log.e("SPI", "操作失败", e);
}
}
}
Android中的SPI通信为高速数据传输和硬件控制提供了可靠的解决方案,特别适用于传感器数据采集、显示控制、存储设备访问等应用场景。
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