title: 020《树莓派4B家庭服务器搭建指南》第二十期：在树莓派运行rsnapshot, 实现对服务器数据低成本增量本地备份
我的天翼云服务器有/opt 和 /usr/share/nginx两个目录, 用来存储网站的内容, 数据无价, 为了避免珍贵的数据丢失，我决定使用树莓派运行 rsnapshot, 为网站内容做定期备份。
为什么选择rsnapshot ？
- rsnapshot是基于rsync的开源软件, 原理简单，无后门, 无需强制加密, 备份后的数据所见即所得
- rsnapshot通过硬链接管理文件, 处于不同文件夹的同一个文件, 只占用一份存储空间, 节省磁盘
- rsnapshot默认进行增量备份, 节省带宽。
- rsnapshot长期维护(从2015年开始维护), 功能稳定，在Github的开源仓库
https://github.com/rsnapshot/rsnapshot有2.9k Star，广受好评
安装rsnapshot
sudo apt install rsnapshot
配置树莓派免密登录云服务器
cd ~/.ssh
ssh-keygen
# 设置密钥权限
# 公钥644
sudo chmod 644 ~/.ssh/fangyuanxiaozhan.com.pub
# 私钥600
sudo chmod 600 ~/.ssh/fangyuanxiaozhan.com
将公钥发送的远程主机
ssh-copy-id -i ~/.ssh/fangyuanxiaozhan.com.pub 远程主机用户名@远程主机ip或域名
在树莓派创建 ~/.ssh/config 并给与权限600
# 如果已经存在~/.ssh/config 则无需创建
touch ~/.ssh/config
chmod 600 ~/.ssh/config
在~/.ssh/config 中填入以下内容
Host 主机ip或域名
HostName 主机ip或域名
User root
IdentityFile ~/.ssh/fangyuanxiaozhan.com
ssh可以免密登录，基于rsync的rsnapshot也可以免密从服务器传输文件了。
按需求修改配置文件
- 在树莓派创建rsnapshot备份文件夹
# 创建rsnapshot存储数据的根目录
mkdir /opt/rsnapshot
# 创建存储我天翼云服务器数据的目录
mkdir /opt/rsnapshot/CTYun
- 设置根目录
修改rsnapshot配置文件/etc/rsnapshot.conf, 将snapshot_root对应的字段修改为在树莓派创建的根目录
snapshot_root /opt/rsnapshot/
配置文件配置行之间使用Tab填充，空格会报错，比如snapshot_root(这里用Tab填充)/opt/rsnapshot/
- 屏蔽本机备份配置
查看/etc/rsnapshot.conf 的底部，我们可以看到很多backup开头的配置行，其中默认的几行，是对树莓派本机的几个目录备份，可以前面添加#屏蔽掉
- 移除对ssh绝对路径的注释
由于rsnapshot从服务器备份数据依赖了rsync，而rsync又依赖了ssh，所以我们需要将ssh的绝对路径告诉rsnapshot, 也就是将cmd_ssh 所在行开头的#去掉
cmd_ssh /usr/bin/ssh
- 改变锁文件的位置
lockfile的作用是防止同时运行两个rsnapshot实例，相当于一把锁，这把锁的位置可以由我们自己定义，lockfile的默认位置为/var/run/rsnapshot.pid ，我想以用户名ubuntu的身份运行rsnapshot实例，就要把锁文件位置配置到 ubuntu用户有权限修改的位置，我的处理方式是，新建 /home/ubuntu/.rsnapshot 文件夹
mkdir /home/ubuntu/.rsnapshot
然后将lockfile改为
lockfile /home/ubuntu/.rsnapshot/rsnapshot.pid
- 备份文件夹的配置
在配置文件尾部追加
# CTYun
backup root@fangyuanxiaozhan.com:/etc/nginx ./
backup root@fangyuanxiaozhan.com:/opt ./ exclude=/opt/before,exclude=/opt/EasyTypora/node_modules
backup root@fangyuanxiaozhan.com:/usr/share/nginx/fangyuanxiaozhan.com ./
测试配置文件格式是否正确
rsnapshot configtest
我最终的配置文件（供参考）
#################################################
# rsnapshot.conf - rsnapshot configuration file #
#################################################
# #
# PLEASE BE AWARE OF THE FOLLOWING RULE: #
# #
# This file requires tabs between elements #
# #
#################################################
#######################
# CONFIG FILE VERSION #
#######################
config_version 1.2
###########################
# SNAPSHOT ROOT DIRECTORY #
###########################
# All snapshots will be stored under this root directory.
#
snapshot_root /opt/rsnapshot/CTYun/
# If no_create_root is enabled, rsnapshot will not automatically create the
# snapshot_root directory. This is particularly useful if you are backing
# up to removable media, such as a FireWire or USB drive.
#
#no_create_root 1
#################################
# EXTERNAL PROGRAM DEPENDENCIES #
#################################
# LINUX USERS: Be sure to uncomment "cmd_cp". This gives you extra features.
# EVERYONE ELSE: Leave "cmd_cp" commented out for compatibility.
#
# See the README file or the man page for more details.
#
cmd_cp /bin/cp
# uncomment this to use the rm program instead of the built-in perl routine.
#
cmd_rm /bin/rm
# rsync must be enabled for anything to work. This is the only command that
# must be enabled.
#
cmd_rsync /usr/bin/rsync
# Uncomment this to enable remote ssh backups over rsync.
#
cmd_ssh /usr/bin/ssh
# Comment this out to disable syslog support.
#
cmd_logger /usr/bin/logger
# Uncomment this to specify the path to "du" for disk usage checks.
# If you have an older version of "du", you may also want to check the
# "du_args" parameter below.
#
#cmd_du /usr/bin/du
# Uncomment this to specify the path to rsnapshot-diff.
#
#cmd_rsnapshot_diff /usr/bin/rsnapshot-diff
# Specify the path to a script (and any optional arguments) to run right
# before rsnapshot syncs files
#
#cmd_preexec /path/to/preexec/script
# Specify the path to a script (and any optional arguments) to run right
# after rsnapshot syncs files
#
#cmd_postexec /path/to/postexec/script
# Paths to lvcreate, lvremove, mount and umount commands, for use with
# Linux LVMs.
#
#linux_lvm_cmd_lvcreate /sbin/lvcreate
#linux_lvm_cmd_lvremove /sbin/lvremove
#linux_lvm_cmd_mount /bin/mount
#linux_lvm_cmd_umount /bin/umount
#########################################
# BACKUP LEVELS / INTERVALS #
# Must be unique and in ascending order #
# e.g. alpha, beta, gamma, etc. #
#########################################
retain alpha 6
retain beta 7
retain gamma 4
#retain delta 3
############################################
# GLOBAL OPTIONS #
# All are optional, with sensible defaults #
############################################
# Verbose level, 1 through 5.
# 1 Quiet Print fatal errors only
# 2 Default Print errors and warnings only
# 3 Verbose Show equivalent shell commands being executed
# 4 Extra Verbose Show extra verbose information
# 5 Debug mode Everything
#
verbose 2
# Same as "verbose" above, but controls the amount of data sent to the
# logfile, if one is being used. The default is 3.
# If you want the rsync output, you have to set it to 4
#
loglevel 3
# If you enable this, data will be written to the file you specify. The
# amount of data written is controlled by the "loglevel" parameter.
#
#logfile /var/log/rsnapshot.log
# If enabled, rsnapshot will write a lockfile to prevent two instances
# from running simultaneously (and messing up the snapshot_root).
# If you enable this, make sure the lockfile directory is not world
# writable. Otherwise anyone can prevent the program from running.
#
lockfile /home/ubuntu/.rsnapshot/rsnapshot.pid
# By default, rsnapshot check lockfile, check if PID is running
# and if not, consider lockfile as stale, then start
# Enabling this stop rsnapshot if PID in lockfile is not running
#
#stop_on_stale_lockfile 0
# Default rsync args. All rsync commands have at least these options set.
#
#rsync_short_args -a
#rsync_long_args --delete --numeric-ids --relative --delete-excluded
# ssh has no args passed by default, but you can specify some here.
#
#ssh_args -p 22
# Default arguments for the "du" program (for disk space reporting).
# The GNU version of "du" is preferred. See the man page for more details.
# If your version of "du" doesn't support the -h flag, try -k flag instead.
#
#du_args -csh
# If this is enabled, rsync won't span filesystem partitions within a
# backup point. This essentially passes the -x option to rsync.
# The default is 0 (off).
#
#one_fs 0
# The include and exclude parameters, if enabled, simply get passed directly
# to rsync. If you have multiple include/exclude patterns, put each one on a
# separate line. Please look up the --include and --exclude options in the
# rsync man page for more details on how to specify file name patterns.
#
#include ???
#include ???
#exclude ???
#exclude ???
# The include_file and exclude_file parameters, if enabled, simply get
# passed directly to rsync. Please look up the --include-from and
# --exclude-from options in the rsync man page for more details.
#
#include_file /path/to/include/file
#exclude_file /path/to/exclude/file
# If your version of rsync supports --link-dest, consider enabling this.
# This is the best way to support special files (FIFOs, etc) cross-platform.
# The default is 0 (off).
#
#link_dest 0
# When sync_first is enabled, it changes the default behaviour of rsnapshot.
# Normally, when rsnapshot is called with its lowest interval
# (i.e.: "rsnapshot alpha"), it will sync files AND rotate the lowest
# intervals. With sync_first enabled, "rsnapshot sync" handles the file sync,
# and all interval calls simply rotate files. See the man page for more
# details. The default is 0 (off).
#
#sync_first 0
# If enabled, rsnapshot will move the oldest directory for each interval
# to [interval_name].delete, then it will remove the lockfile and delete
# that directory just before it exits. The default is 0 (off).
#
#use_lazy_deletes 0
# Number of rsync re-tries. If you experience any network problems or
# network card issues that tend to cause ssh to fail with errors like
# "Corrupted MAC on input", for example, set this to a non-zero value
# to have the rsync operation re-tried.
#
#rsync_numtries 0
# LVM parameters. Used to backup with creating lvm snapshot before backup
# and removing it after. This should ensure consistency of data in some special
# cases
#
# LVM snapshot(s) size (lvcreate --size option).
#
#linux_lvm_snapshotsize 100M
# Name to be used when creating the LVM logical volume snapshot(s).
#
#linux_lvm_snapshotname rsnapshot
# Path to the LVM Volume Groups.
#
#linux_lvm_vgpath /dev
# Mount point to use to temporarily mount the snapshot(s).
#
#linux_lvm_mountpath /path/to/mount/lvm/snapshot/during/backup
###############################
### BACKUP POINTS / SCRIPTS ###
###############################
# LOCALHOST
#backup /home/ localhost/
#backup /etc/ localhost/
#backup /usr/local/ localhost/
#backup /var/log/rsnapshot localhost/
#backup /etc/passwd localhost/
#backup /home/foo/My Documents/ localhost/
#backup /foo/bar/ localhost/ one_fs=1,rsync_short_args=-urltvpog
#backup_script /usr/local/bin/backup_pgsql.sh localhost/postgres/
# You must set linux_lvm_* parameters below before using lvm snapshots
#backup lvm://vg0/xen-home/ lvm-vg0/xen-home/
# EXAMPLE.COM
#backup_exec /bin/date "+ backup of example.com started at %c"
#backup root@example.com:/home/ example.com/ +rsync_long_args=--bwlimit=16,exclude=core
#backup root@example.com:/etc/ example.com/ exclude=mtab,exclude=core
#backup_exec ssh root@example.com "mysqldump -A > /var/db/dump/mysql.sql"
#backup root@example.com:/var/db/dump/ example.com/
#backup_exec /bin/date "+ backup of example.com ended at %c"
# CVS.SOURCEFORGE.NET
#backup_script /usr/local/bin/backup_rsnapshot_cvsroot.sh rsnapshot.cvs.sourceforge.net/
# RSYNC.SAMBA.ORG
#backup rsync://rsync.samba.org/rsyncftp/ rsync.samba.org/rsyncftp/
# CTYun
backup root@fangyuanxiaozhan.com:/etc/nginx ./
backup root@fangyuanxiaozhan.com:/opt ./ exclude=/opt/before,exclude=/opt/EasyTypora/node_modules
backup root@fangyuanxiaozhan.com:/usr/share/nginx/fangyuanxiaozhan.com ./
配置行内的空余部分，不要用空格，一定要用Tab填充
- 关于备份数量上限的解释
在以上配置文件中，有以下几行
retain alpha 6
retain beta 7
retain gamma 4
以alpah为例， retain alpha 6代表最多进行六个备份，比如alpha.0 alpha.1 alpha.2 alpha.3 alpha.4 alpha.5 ， 其中alpha.0为最新的备份，alpha.5为最老的备份，超过了6次备份，最早的一份将会从磁盘清除，首次运行备份指令后，alpha.0 文件夹会生成在根目录下面，也就是/opt/rsnapshot/CTYun/alpha.0, /opt/rsnapshot/CTYun/alpha.0文件夹里存放着备份好的文件目录。
- 手动进行备份
rsnapshot -c /etc/rsnapshot.conf alpha
上面命令汇总，我们使用alpha策略进行备份，并指定了配置文件的位置。
执行完成后，查看目录结构
可以看到alpha.0成了真的的根目录。
我们多运行几次rsnapshot -c /etc/rsnapshot.conf alpha ， 可以看到在/opt/rsnapshot/CTYun 文件夹下有几个并列的alpha.* 文件夹
由于配置了retain alpha 6,无论我们运行多少次，alpha.*都不会超过六个
自动化备份
crontab是一款可以创建定时任务的工具，我们可以在crontab中添加每四小时运行rsnapshot -c /etc/rsnapshot.conf alpha 的任务，这样就相当于每天执行了6次备份。
在ubuntu中crontab默认对所有用户进行了安装，所以我们无需sudo权限就能创建任务，操作方法如下， 打开cron表
crontab -e
首次打开可以选择编辑器，我选择了vim 打开，添加每四小时运行一次命令的配置
0 */4 * * * rsnapshot -c /etc/rsnapshot.conf alpha
写入配置后，退出编辑器即可；
优化: 创建每日执行，保留31天的备份任务
我希望每天凌晨4点能生成新备份，保留31天，但又不希望和每隔4小时的的备份有冲突(两个任务共用logfile会相互影响)。
于是我新开一个配置文件/home/ubuntu/.rsnapshot/mouthly.conf, 添加retain monthly 31, 修改filelock 为lockfile /home/ubuntu/.rsnapshot/monthly.pid
这里的monthly 完全可以自定义，并没有特殊性，可以是monthly001 或 monthly002, 只要运行命令时，对应即可。
内容为
#################################################
# rsnapshot.conf - rsnapshot configuration file #
#################################################
# #
# PLEASE BE AWARE OF THE FOLLOWING RULE: #
# #
# This file requires tabs between elements #
# #
#################################################
#######################
# CONFIG FILE VERSION #
#######################
config_version 1.2
###########################
# SNAPSHOT ROOT DIRECTORY #
###########################
# All snapshots will be stored under this root directory.
#
snapshot_root /opt/rsnapshot/CTYun/
# If no_create_root is enabled, rsnapshot will not automatically create the
# snapshot_root directory. This is particularly useful if you are backing
# up to removable media, such as a FireWire or USB drive.
#
#no_create_root 1
#################################
# EXTERNAL PROGRAM DEPENDENCIES #
#################################
# LINUX USERS: Be sure to uncomment "cmd_cp". This gives you extra features.
# EVERYONE ELSE: Leave "cmd_cp" commented out for compatibility.
#
# See the README file or the man page for more details.
#
cmd_cp /bin/cp
# uncomment this to use the rm program instead of the built-in perl routine.
#
cmd_rm /bin/rm
# rsync must be enabled for anything to work. This is the only command that
# must be enabled.
#
cmd_rsync /usr/bin/rsync
# Uncomment this to enable remote ssh backups over rsync.
#
cmd_ssh /usr/bin/ssh
# Comment this out to disable syslog support.
#
cmd_logger /usr/bin/logger
# Uncomment this to specify the path to "du" for disk usage checks.
# If you have an older version of "du", you may also want to check the
# "du_args" parameter below.
#
#cmd_du /usr/bin/du
# Uncomment this to specify the path to rsnapshot-diff.
#
#cmd_rsnapshot_diff /usr/bin/rsnapshot-diff
# Specify the path to a script (and any optional arguments) to run right
# before rsnapshot syncs files
#
#cmd_preexec /path/to/preexec/script
# Specify the path to a script (and any optional arguments) to run right
# after rsnapshot syncs files
#
#cmd_postexec /path/to/postexec/script
# Paths to lvcreate, lvremove, mount and umount commands, for use with
# Linux LVMs.
#
#linux_lvm_cmd_lvcreate /sbin/lvcreate
#linux_lvm_cmd_lvremove /sbin/lvremove
#linux_lvm_cmd_mount /bin/mount
#linux_lvm_cmd_umount /bin/umount
#########################################
# BACKUP LEVELS / INTERVALS #
# Must be unique and in ascending order #
# e.g. alpha, beta, gamma, etc. #
#########################################
retain monthly 31
retain alpha 6
retain beta 7
retain gamma 4
#retain delta 3
############################################
# GLOBAL OPTIONS #
# All are optional, with sensible defaults #
############################################
# Verbose level, 1 through 5.
# 1 Quiet Print fatal errors only
# 2 Default Print errors and warnings only
# 3 Verbose Show equivalent shell commands being executed
# 4 Extra Verbose Show extra verbose information
# 5 Debug mode Everything
#
verbose 2
# Same as "verbose" above, but controls the amount of data sent to the
# logfile, if one is being used. The default is 3.
# If you want the rsync output, you have to set it to 4
#
loglevel 3
# If you enable this, data will be written to the file you specify. The
# amount of data written is controlled by the "loglevel" parameter.
#
#logfile /var/log/rsnapshot.log
# If enabled, rsnapshot will write a lockfile to prevent two instances
# from running simultaneously (and messing up the snapshot_root).
# If you enable this, make sure the lockfile directory is not world
# writable. Otherwise anyone can prevent the program from running.
#
lockfile /home/ubuntu/.rsnapshot/monthly.pid
# By default, rsnapshot check lockfile, check if PID is running
# and if not, consider lockfile as stale, then start
# Enabling this stop rsnapshot if PID in lockfile is not running
#
#stop_on_stale_lockfile 0
# Default rsync args. All rsync commands have at least these options set.
#
#rsync_short_args -a
#rsync_long_args --delete --numeric-ids --relative --delete-excluded
# ssh has no args passed by default, but you can specify some here.
#
#ssh_args -p 22
# Default arguments for the "du" program (for disk space reporting).
# The GNU version of "du" is preferred. See the man page for more details.
# If your version of "du" doesn't support the -h flag, try -k flag instead.
#
#du_args -csh
# If this is enabled, rsync won't span filesystem partitions within a
# backup point. This essentially passes the -x option to rsync.
# The default is 0 (off).
#
#one_fs 0
# The include and exclude parameters, if enabled, simply get passed directly
# to rsync. If you have multiple include/exclude patterns, put each one on a
# separate line. Please look up the --include and --exclude options in the
# rsync man page for more details on how to specify file name patterns.
#
#include ???
#include ???
#exclude ???
#exclude ???
# The include_file and exclude_file parameters, if enabled, simply get
# passed directly to rsync. Please look up the --include-from and
# --exclude-from options in the rsync man page for more details.
#
#include_file /path/to/include/file
#exclude_file /path/to/exclude/file
# If your version of rsync supports --link-dest, consider enabling this.
# This is the best way to support special files (FIFOs, etc) cross-platform.
# The default is 0 (off).
#
#link_dest 0
# When sync_first is enabled, it changes the default behaviour of rsnapshot.
# Normally, when rsnapshot is called with its lowest interval
# (i.e.: "rsnapshot alpha"), it will sync files AND rotate the lowest
# intervals. With sync_first enabled, "rsnapshot sync" handles the file sync,
# and all interval calls simply rotate files. See the man page for more
# details. The default is 0 (off).
#
#sync_first 0
# If enabled, rsnapshot will move the oldest directory for each interval
# to [interval_name].delete, then it will remove the lockfile and delete
# that directory just before it exits. The default is 0 (off).
#
#use_lazy_deletes 0
# Number of rsync re-tries. If you experience any network problems or
# network card issues that tend to cause ssh to fail with errors like
# "Corrupted MAC on input", for example, set this to a non-zero value
# to have the rsync operation re-tried.
#
#rsync_numtries 0
# LVM parameters. Used to backup with creating lvm snapshot before backup
# and removing it after. This should ensure consistency of data in some special
# cases
#
# LVM snapshot(s) size (lvcreate --size option).
#
#linux_lvm_snapshotsize 100M
# Name to be used when creating the LVM logical volume snapshot(s).
#
#linux_lvm_snapshotname rsnapshot
# Path to the LVM Volume Groups.
#
#linux_lvm_vgpath /dev
# Mount point to use to temporarily mount the snapshot(s).
#
#linux_lvm_mountpath /path/to/mount/lvm/snapshot/during/backup
###############################
### BACKUP POINTS / SCRIPTS ###
###############################
# LOCALHOST
#backup /home/ localhost/
#backup /etc/ localhost/
#backup /usr/local/ localhost/
#backup /var/log/rsnapshot localhost/
#backup /etc/passwd localhost/
#backup /home/foo/My Documents/ localhost/
#backup /foo/bar/ localhost/ one_fs=1,rsync_short_args=-urltvpog
#backup_script /usr/local/bin/backup_pgsql.sh localhost/postgres/
# You must set linux_lvm_* parameters below before using lvm snapshots
#backup lvm://vg0/xen-home/ lvm-vg0/xen-home/
# EXAMPLE.COM
#backup_exec /bin/date "+ backup of example.com started at %c"
#backup root@example.com:/home/ example.com/ +rsync_long_args=--bwlimit=16,exclude=core
#backup root@example.com:/etc/ example.com/ exclude=mtab,exclude=core
#backup_exec ssh root@example.com "mysqldump -A > /var/db/dump/mysql.sql"
#backup root@example.com:/var/db/dump/ example.com/
#backup_exec /bin/date "+ backup of example.com ended at %c"
# CVS.SOURCEFORGE.NET
#backup_script /usr/local/bin/backup_rsnapshot_cvsroot.sh rsnapshot.cvs.sourceforge.net/
# RSYNC.SAMBA.ORG
#backup rsync://rsync.samba.org/rsyncftp/ rsync.samba.org/rsyncftp/
# CTYun
backup root@fangyuanxiaozhan.com:/etc/nginx ./
backup root@fangyuanxiaozhan.com:/opt ./ exclude=/opt/before,exclude=/opt/EasyTypora/node_modules
backup root@fangyuanxiaozhan.com:/usr/share/nginx/fangyuanxiaozhan.com ./
测试月度备份配置文件
rsnapshot -c /home/ubuntu/.rsnapshot/monthly.conf configtest
运行crontab -e ，将以下配置添加为每日凌晨四点运行的定时任务
0 4 * * * rsnapshot -c /home/ubuntu/.rsnapshot/monthly.conf monthly
monthly任务备份后，会产生以monthly开头的文件夹
rsnapshot -c /home/ubuntu/.rsnapshot/monthly.conf monthly
小结
云服务商的硬盘还是蛮贵的，对于个人开发者而言，同时能省一些钱总是好的。
2023年的机械硬盘算是很便宜了，1千块能买16TB的全新盘，搞一块插到树莓派，定期对服务器数据做增量备份，成本比云服务商的低很多。
如果你是一个上班族，办公室和家里各部署一套rsnapshot备份，也算是支持数据分布式异地容灾了。
为什么要把服务器数据备份到本地？目前的ICP备案搞的风风火火，买了服务器，由于备案的限制，也不能马上使用80，443等端口，即使服务器备了案，解析的域名也会受到限制，如果有一天，由于某种不可抗力，把个人备案关联的服务器的数据全部封存，也不是不可能，所以，做好本地数据备份，总是没错的，反正成本也不高。
本文属于《树莓派不吃灰》系列的第二十期，《树莓派不吃灰》系列教程开源地址 github.com/zhaoolee/pi
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