<p style="background-color:rgb(255,204,51)"><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px; background-color:rgb(255,204,51)"><strong>一. 什么是拷贝构造函数</strong></span><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px"><br>
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px">首先对于普通类型的对象来说,它们之间的复制是很简单的,例如:</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px"><div class="dp-highlighter bg_c-sharp"><div class="bar"><div class="tools"><b>[c-sharp]</b> <a href="#" class="ViewSource" title="view plain" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('ViewSource',this);return false;" target="_blank">view plain</a><span data-mod="popu_168"> <a href="#" class="CopyToClipboard" title="copy" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('CopyToClipboard',this);return false;" target="_blank">copy</a><div style="position: absolute; left: 575px; top: 560px; width: 18px; height: 18px; z-index: 99;"><embed id="ZeroClipboardMovie_1" src="http://static.blog.csdn.net/scripts/ZeroClipboard/ZeroClipboard.swf" loop="false" menu="false" quality="best" bgcolor="#ffffff" name="ZeroClipboardMovie_1" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="false" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer" flashvars="id=1&width=18&height=18" wmode="transparent" width="18" height="18" align="middle"></div></span><span data-mod="popu_169"> <a href="#" class="PrintSource" title="print" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('PrintSource',this);return false;" target="_blank">print</a></span><a href="#" class="About" title="?" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('About',this);return false;" target="_blank">?</a></div></div><ol start="1" class="dp-c"><li class="alt"><span><span class="keyword">int</span><span> a = 100; </span></span></li><li class=""><span><span class="keyword">int</span><span> b = a; </span></span></li></ol></div><textarea style="width: 357px; height: 43px; display: none;" cols="71" rows="2" name="code" class="c-sharp">int a = 100;
int b = a; </textarea> <br>
</span><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px">而类对象与普通对象不同,类对象内部结构一般较为复杂,存在各种成员变量。<br>
下面看一个类对象拷贝的简单例子。</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px"><div class="dp-highlighter bg_c-sharp"><div class="bar"><div class="tools"><b>[c-sharp]</b> <a href="#" class="ViewSource" title="view plain" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('ViewSource',this);return false;" target="_blank">view plain</a><span data-mod="popu_168"> <a href="#" class="CopyToClipboard" title="copy" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('CopyToClipboard',this);return false;" target="_blank">copy</a><div style="position: absolute; left: 575px; top: 743px; width: 18px; height: 18px; z-index: 99;"><embed id="ZeroClipboardMovie_2" src="http://static.blog.csdn.net/scripts/ZeroClipboard/ZeroClipboard.swf" loop="false" menu="false" quality="best" bgcolor="#ffffff" name="ZeroClipboardMovie_2" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="false" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer" flashvars="id=2&width=18&height=18" wmode="transparent" width="18" height="18" align="middle"></div></span><span data-mod="popu_169"> <a href="#" class="PrintSource" title="print" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('PrintSource',this);return false;" target="_blank">print</a></span><a href="#" class="About" title="?" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('About',this);return false;" target="_blank">?</a></div></div><ol start="1" class="dp-c"><li class="alt"><span><span class="preprocessor">#include <iostream></span><span> </span></span></li><li class=""><span><span class="keyword">using</span><span> </span><span class="keyword">namespace</span><span> std; </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span> </span></li><li class=""><span><span class="keyword">class</span><span> CExample { </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span><span class="keyword">private</span><span>: </span></span></li><li class=""><span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span> a; </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span><span class="keyword">public</span><span>: </span></span></li><li class=""><span> <span class="comment">//构造函数</span><span> </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span> CExample(<span class="keyword">int</span><span> b) </span></span></li><li class=""><span> { a = b;} </span></li><li class="alt"><span> </span></li><li class=""><span> <span class="comment">//一般函数</span><span> </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span> <span class="keyword">void</span><span> Show () </span></span></li><li class=""><span> { </span></li><li class="alt"><span> cout<<a<<endl; </span></li><li class=""><span> } </span></li><li class="alt"><span>}; </span></li><li class=""><span> </span></li><li class="alt"><span><span class="keyword">int</span><span> main() </span></span></li><li class=""><span>{ </span></li><li class="alt"><span> CExample A(100); </span></li><li class=""><span> CExample B = A; <span class="comment">//注意这里的对象初始化要调用拷贝构造函数,而非赋值</span><span> </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span> B.Show (); </span></li><li class=""><span> <span class="keyword">return</span><span> 0; </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span>} </span></li></ol></div><textarea cols="71" rows="15" name="code" class="c-sharp" style="display: none;">#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class CExample {
private:
int a;
public:
//构造函数
CExample(int b)
{ a = b;}
//一般函数
void Show ()
{
cout<<a<<endl;
}
};
int main()
{
CExample A(100);
CExample B = A; //注意这里的对象初始化要调用拷贝构造函数,而非赋值
B.Show ();
return 0;
}</textarea> </span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px">运行程序,屏幕输出100。从以上代码的运行结果可以看出,系统为对象 B 分配了内存并完成了与</span><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px">对象 A 的复制过程。就类对象而言,相同类型的类对象是通过<span style="color:#FF0000">拷贝构造函数</span>来完成整个复制过程的</span><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px">。</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px">下面举例说明拷贝构造函数的工作过程。</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px"><div class="dp-highlighter bg_c-sharp"><div class="bar"><div class="tools"><b>[c-sharp]</b> <a href="#" class="ViewSource" title="view plain" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('ViewSource',this);return false;" target="_blank">view plain</a><span data-mod="popu_168"> <a href="#" class="CopyToClipboard" title="copy" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('CopyToClipboard',this);return false;" target="_blank">copy</a><div style="position: absolute; left: 575px; top: 1354px; width: 18px; height: 18px; z-index: 99;"><embed id="ZeroClipboardMovie_3" src="http://static.blog.csdn.net/scripts/ZeroClipboard/ZeroClipboard.swf" loop="false" menu="false" quality="best" bgcolor="#ffffff" name="ZeroClipboardMovie_3" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="false" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer" flashvars="id=3&width=18&height=18" wmode="transparent" width="18" height="18" align="middle"></div></span><span data-mod="popu_169"> <a href="#" class="PrintSource" title="print" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('PrintSource',this);return false;" target="_blank">print</a></span><a href="#" class="About" title="?" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('About',this);return false;" target="_blank">?</a></div></div><ol start="1" class="dp-c"><li class="alt"><span><span class="preprocessor">#include <iostream></span><span> </span></span></li><li class=""><span><span class="keyword">using</span><span> </span><span class="keyword">namespace</span><span> std; </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span> </span></li><li class=""><span><span class="keyword">class</span><span> CExample { </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span><span class="keyword">private</span><span>: </span></span></li><li class=""><span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span> a; </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span><span class="keyword">public</span><span>: </span></span></li><li class=""><span> <span class="comment">//构造函数</span><span> </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span> CExample(<span class="keyword">int</span><span> b) </span></span></li><li class=""><span> { a = b;} </span></li><li class="alt"><span> </span></li><li class=""><span> <span class="comment">//拷贝构造函数</span><span> </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span> CExample(<span class="keyword">const</span><span> CExample& C) </span></span></li><li class=""><span> { </span></li><li class="alt"><span> a = C.a; </span></li><li class=""><span> } </span></li><li class="alt"><span> </span></li><li class=""><span> <span class="comment">//一般函数</span><span> </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span> <span class="keyword">void</span><span> Show () </span></span></li><li class=""><span> { </span></li><li class="alt"><span> cout<<a<<endl; </span></li><li class=""><span> } </span></li><li class="alt"><span>}; </span></li><li class=""><span> </span></li><li class="alt"><span><span class="keyword">int</span><span> main() </span></span></li><li class=""><span>{ </span></li><li class="alt"><span> CExample A(100); </span></li><li class=""><span> CExample B = A; <span class="comment">// CExample B(A); 也是一样的</span><span> </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span> B.Show (); </span></li><li class=""><span> <span class="keyword">return</span><span> 0; </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span>} </span></li></ol></div><textarea cols="72" rows="15" name="code" class="c-sharp" style="display: none;">#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class CExample {
private:
int a;
public:
//构造函数
CExample(int b)
{ a = b;}
//拷贝构造函数
CExample(const CExample& C)
{
a = C.a;
}
//一般函数
void Show ()
{
cout<<a<<endl;
}
};
int main()
{
CExample A(100);
CExample B = A; // CExample B(A); 也是一样的
B.Show ();
return 0;
} </textarea> <br>
</span><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px">CExample(const CExample& C) 就是我们自定义的拷贝构造函数。可见,拷贝构造函数是一种<strong><span style="color:#ff0000">特殊的</span></strong></span><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px"><strong><span style="color:#ff0000">构造函数</span></strong>,函数的名称必须和类名称一致,它<span style="color:#ff0000">必须的一个参数是本类型的一个<strong>引用变量</strong></span></span><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px">。</span></p>
<p><br>
</p>
<p style="background-color:rgb(255,204,51)"><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px"><strong>二. 拷贝构造函数的调用时机</strong><br>
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px">在C++中,下面三种对象需要调用拷贝构造函数!<br>
<span style="color:#000000"><strong>1. 对象以值传递的方式传入函数参数</strong></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px"><strong><div class="dp-highlighter bg_c-sharp"><div class="bar"><div class="tools"><b>[c-sharp]</b> <a href="#" class="ViewSource" title="view plain" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('ViewSource',this);return false;" target="_blank">view plain</a><span data-mod="popu_168"> <a href="#" class="CopyToClipboard" title="copy" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('CopyToClipboard',this);return false;" target="_blank">copy</a><div style="position: absolute; left: 575px; top: 2205px; width: 18px; height: 18px; z-index: 99;"><embed id="ZeroClipboardMovie_4" src="http://static.blog.csdn.net/scripts/ZeroClipboard/ZeroClipboard.swf" loop="false" menu="false" quality="best" bgcolor="#ffffff" name="ZeroClipboardMovie_4" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="false" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer" flashvars="id=4&width=18&height=18" wmode="transparent" width="18" height="18" align="middle"></div></span><span data-mod="popu_169"> <a href="#" class="PrintSource" title="print" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('PrintSource',this);return false;" target="_blank">print</a></span><a href="#" class="About" title="?" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('About',this);return false;" target="_blank">?</a></div></div><ol start="1" class="dp-c"><li class="alt"><span><span class="keyword">class</span><span> CExample </span></span></li><li class=""><span>{ </span></li><li class="alt"><span><span class="keyword">private</span><span>: </span></span></li><li class=""><span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span> a; </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span> </span></li><li class=""><span><span class="keyword">public</span><span>: </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span> <span class="comment">//构造函数</span><span> </span></span></li><li class=""><span> CExample(<span class="keyword">int</span><span> b) </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span> { </span></li><li class=""><span> a = b; </span></li><li class="alt"><span> cout<<<span class="string">"creat: "</span><span><<a<<endl; </span></span></li><li class=""><span> } </span></li><li class="alt"><span> </span></li><li class=""><span> <span class="comment">//拷贝构造</span><span> </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span> CExample(<span class="keyword">const</span><span> CExample& C) </span></span></li><li class=""><span> { </span></li><li class="alt"><span> a = C.a; </span></li><li class=""><span> cout<<<span class="string">"copy"</span><span><<endl; </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span> } </span></li><li class=""><span> </span></li><li class="alt"><span> <span class="comment">//析构函数</span><span> </span></span></li><li class=""><span> ~CExample() </span></li><li class="alt"><span> { </span></li><li class=""><span> cout<< <span class="string">"delete: "</span><span><<a<<endl; </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span> } </span></li><li class=""><span> </span></li><li class="alt"><span> <span class="keyword">void</span><span> Show () </span></span></li><li class=""><span> { </span></li><li class="alt"><span> cout<<a<<endl; </span></li><li class=""><span> } </span></li><li class="alt"><span>}; </span></li><li class=""><span> </span></li><li class="alt"><span><span class="comment">//全局函数,传入的是对象</span><span> </span></span></li><li class=""><span><span class="keyword">void</span><span> g_Fun(CExample C) </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span>{ </span></li><li class=""><span> cout<<<span class="string">"test"</span><span><<endl; </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span>} </span></li><li class=""><span> </span></li><li class="alt"><span><span class="keyword">int</span><span> main() </span></span></li><li class=""><span>{ </span></li><li class="alt"><span> CExample test(1); </span></li><li class=""><span> <span class="comment">//传入对象</span><span> </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span> g_Fun(test); </span></li><li class=""><span> </span></li><li class="alt"><span> <span class="keyword">return</span><span> 0; </span></span></li><li class=""><span>} </span></li></ol></div><textarea cols="70" rows="15" name="code" class="c-sharp" style="display: none;">class CExample
{
private:
int a;
public:
//构造函数
CExample(int b)
{
a = b;
cout<<"creat: "<<a<<endl;
}
//拷贝构造
CExample(const CExample& C)
{
a = C.a;
cout<<"copy"<<endl;
}
//析构函数
~CExample()
{
cout<< "delete: "<<a<<endl;
}
void Show ()
{
cout<<a<<endl;
}
};
//全局函数,传入的是对象
void g_Fun(CExample C)
{
cout<<"test"<<endl;
}
int main()
{
CExample test(1);
//传入对象
g_Fun(test);
return 0;
}</textarea> <br>
</strong></span><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px">调用g_Fun()时,会产生以下几个重要步骤:<br>
<span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,102)">(1).test对象传入形参时,会先会产生一个临时变量,就叫 C 吧。</span><br style="background-color:rgb(255,255,102)">
<span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,102)">(2).然后调用拷贝构造函数把test的值给C。 整个这两个步骤有点像:</span><span style="color:#ff6600; background-color:rgb(255,255,102)">CExample C(test);<br>
</span><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,102)">(3).等g_Fun()执行完后, 析构掉 C 对象。</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px"><strong>2. 对象以值传递的方式从函数返回</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px"><strong><div class="dp-highlighter bg_c-sharp"><div class="bar"><div class="tools"><b>[c-sharp]</b> <a href="#" class="ViewSource" title="view plain" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('ViewSource',this);return false;" target="_blank">view plain</a><span data-mod="popu_168"> <a href="#" class="CopyToClipboard" title="copy" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('CopyToClipboard',this);return false;" target="_blank">copy</a><div style="position: absolute; left: 575px; top: 3272px; width: 18px; height: 18px; z-index: 99;"><embed id="ZeroClipboardMovie_5" src="http://static.blog.csdn.net/scripts/ZeroClipboard/ZeroClipboard.swf" loop="false" menu="false" quality="best" bgcolor="#ffffff" name="ZeroClipboardMovie_5" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="false" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer" flashvars="id=5&width=18&height=18" wmode="transparent" width="18" height="18" align="middle"></div></span><span data-mod="popu_169"> <a href="#" class="PrintSource" title="print" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('PrintSource',this);return false;" target="_blank">print</a></span><a href="#" class="About" title="?" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('About',this);return false;" target="_blank">?</a></div></div><ol start="1" class="dp-c"><li class="alt"><span><span class="keyword">class</span><span> CExample </span></span></li><li class=""><span>{ </span></li><li class="alt"><span><span class="keyword">private</span><span>: </span></span></li><li class=""><span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span> a; </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span> </span></li><li class=""><span><span class="keyword">public</span><span>: </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span> <span class="comment">//构造函数</span><span> </span></span></li><li class=""><span> CExample(<span class="keyword">int</span><span> b) </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span> { </span></li><li class=""><span> a = b; </span></li><li class="alt"><span> } </span></li><li class=""><span> </span></li><li class="alt"><span> <span class="comment">//拷贝构造</span><span> </span></span></li><li class=""><span> CExample(<span class="keyword">const</span><span> CExample& C) </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span> { </span></li><li class=""><span> a = C.a; </span></li><li class="alt"><span> cout<<<span class="string">"copy"</span><span><<endl; </span></span></li><li class=""><span> } </span></li><li class="alt"><span> </span></li><li class=""><span> <span class="keyword">void</span><span> Show () </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span> { </span></li><li class=""><span> cout<<a<<endl; </span></li><li class="alt"><span> } </span></li><li class=""><span>}; </span></li><li class="alt"><span> </span></li><li class=""><span><span class="comment">//全局函数</span><span> </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span>CExample g_Fun() </span></li><li class=""><span>{ </span></li><li class="alt"><span> CExample temp(0); </span></li><li class=""><span> <span class="keyword">return</span><span> temp; </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span>} </span></li><li class=""><span> </span></li><li class="alt"><span><span class="keyword">int</span><span> main() </span></span></li><li class=""><span>{ </span></li><li class="alt"><span> g_Fun(); </span></li><li class=""><span> <span class="keyword">return</span><span> 0; </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span>} </span></li></ol></div><textarea cols="64" rows="15" name="code" class="c-sharp" style="display: none;">class CExample
{
private:
int a;
public:
//构造函数
CExample(int b)
{
a = b;
}
//拷贝构造
CExample(const CExample& C)
{
a = C.a;
cout<<"copy"<<endl;
}
void Show ()
{
cout<<a<<endl;
}
};
//全局函数
CExample g_Fun()
{
CExample temp(0);
return temp;
}
int main()
{
g_Fun();
return 0;
}</textarea> <br>
</strong></span><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px">当g_Fun()函数执行到return时,会产生以下几个重要步骤:<br>
<span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,102)">(1). 先会产生一个临时变量,就叫XXXX吧。</span><br style="background-color:rgb(255,255,102)">
<span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,102)">(2). 然后调用拷贝构造函数把temp的值给XXXX。整个这两个步骤有点像:</span><span style="color:#ff6600; background-color:rgb(255,255,102)">CExample XXXX(temp);<br>
</span><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,102)">(3). 在函数执行到最后先析构temp局部变量。</span><br style="background-color:rgb(255,255,102)">
<span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,102)">(4). 等g_Fun()执行完后再析构掉XXXX对象。</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px"><strong>3. 对象需要通过另外一个对象进行初始化;<br>
<div class="dp-highlighter bg_c-sharp"><div class="bar"><div class="tools"><b>[c-sharp]</b> <a href="#" class="ViewSource" title="view plain" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('ViewSource',this);return false;" target="_blank">view plain</a><span data-mod="popu_168"> <a href="#" class="CopyToClipboard" title="copy" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('CopyToClipboard',this);return false;" target="_blank">copy</a><div style="position: absolute; left: 575px; top: 4203px; width: 18px; height: 18px; z-index: 99;"><embed id="ZeroClipboardMovie_6" src="http://static.blog.csdn.net/scripts/ZeroClipboard/ZeroClipboard.swf" loop="false" menu="false" quality="best" bgcolor="#ffffff" name="ZeroClipboardMovie_6" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="false" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer" flashvars="id=6&width=18&height=18" wmode="transparent" width="18" height="18" align="middle"></div></span><span data-mod="popu_169"> <a href="#" class="PrintSource" title="print" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('PrintSource',this);return false;" target="_blank">print</a></span><a href="#" class="About" title="?" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('About',this);return false;" target="_blank">?</a></div></div><ol start="1" class="dp-c"><li class="alt"><span><span>CExample A(100); </span></span></li><li class=""><span>CExample B = A; </span></li><li class="alt"><span><span class="comment">// CExample B(A); </span><span> </span></span></li></ol></div><textarea cols="50" rows="3" name="code" class="c-sharp" style="display: none;">CExample A(100);
CExample B = A;
// CExample B(A); </textarea> </strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px">后两句都会调用拷贝构造函数。</span></p>
<p><br>
</p>
<p style="background-color:rgb(255,204,51)"><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px"><strong>三. 浅拷贝和深拷贝</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px"><strong>1. 默认拷贝构造函数</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px"> 很多时候在我们都不知道拷贝构造函数的情况下,传递对象给函数参数或者函数返回对象都能</span><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px">很好的进行,这是因为编译器会给我们自动产生一个拷贝构造函数,这就是“默认拷贝构造函数”</span><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px">,这个构造函数很简单,仅仅使用“老对象”的数据成员的值对“新对象”的数据成员一一进行赋</span><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px">值,它一般具有以下形式:</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px"><div class="dp-highlighter bg_c-sharp"><div class="bar"><div class="tools"><b>[c-sharp]</b> <a href="#" class="ViewSource" title="view plain" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('ViewSource',this);return false;" target="_blank">view plain</a><span data-mod="popu_168"> <a href="#" class="CopyToClipboard" title="copy" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('CopyToClipboard',this);return false;" target="_blank">copy</a><div style="position: absolute; left: 575px; top: 4590px; width: 18px; height: 18px; z-index: 99;"><embed id="ZeroClipboardMovie_7" src="http://static.blog.csdn.net/scripts/ZeroClipboard/ZeroClipboard.swf" loop="false" menu="false" quality="best" bgcolor="#ffffff" name="ZeroClipboardMovie_7" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="false" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer" flashvars="id=7&width=18&height=18" wmode="transparent" width="18" height="18" align="middle"></div></span><span data-mod="popu_169"> <a href="#" class="PrintSource" title="print" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('PrintSource',this);return false;" target="_blank">print</a></span><a href="#" class="About" title="?" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('About',this);return false;" target="_blank">?</a></div></div><ol start="1" class="dp-c"><li class="alt"><span><span>Rect::Rect(</span><span class="keyword">const</span><span> Rect& r) </span></span></li><li class=""><span>{ </span></li><li class="alt"><span> width = r.width; </span></li><li class=""><span> height = r.height; </span></li><li class="alt"><span>} </span></li></ol></div><textarea cols="50" rows="5" name="code" class="c-sharp" style="display: none;">Rect::Rect(const Rect& r)
{
width = r.width;
height = r.height;
}</textarea> <br>
当然,以上代码不用我们编写,编译器会为我们自动生成。但是如果认为这样就可以解决对象</span><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px">的复制问题,那就错了,让我们来考虑以下一段代码:<br>
<div class="dp-highlighter bg_c-sharp"><div class="bar"><div class="tools"><b>[c-sharp]</b> <a href="#" class="ViewSource" title="view plain" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('ViewSource',this);return false;" target="_blank">view plain</a><span data-mod="popu_168"> <a href="#" class="CopyToClipboard" title="copy" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('CopyToClipboard',this);return false;" target="_blank">copy</a><div style="position: absolute; left: 575px; top: 4827px; width: 18px; height: 18px; z-index: 99;"><embed id="ZeroClipboardMovie_8" src="http://static.blog.csdn.net/scripts/ZeroClipboard/ZeroClipboard.swf" loop="false" menu="false" quality="best" bgcolor="#ffffff" name="ZeroClipboardMovie_8" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="false" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer" flashvars="id=8&width=18&height=18" wmode="transparent" width="18" height="18" align="middle"></div></span><span data-mod="popu_169"> <a href="#" class="PrintSource" title="print" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('PrintSource',this);return false;" target="_blank">print</a></span><a href="#" class="About" title="?" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('About',this);return false;" target="_blank">?</a></div></div><ol start="1" class="dp-c"><li class="alt"><span><span class="keyword">class</span><span> Rect </span></span></li><li class=""><span>{ </span></li><li class="alt"><span><span class="keyword">public</span><span>: </span></span></li><li class=""><span> Rect() <span class="comment">// 构造函数,计数器加1</span><span> </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span> { </span></li><li class=""><span> count++; </span></li><li class="alt"><span> } </span></li><li class=""><span> ~Rect() <span class="comment">// 析构函数,计数器减1</span><span> </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span> { </span></li><li class=""><span> count--; </span></li><li class="alt"><span> } </span></li><li class=""><span> <span class="keyword">static</span><span> </span><span class="keyword">int</span><span> getCount() </span><span class="comment">// 返回计数器的值</span><span> </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span> { </span></li><li class=""><span> <span class="keyword">return</span><span> count; </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span> } </span></li><li class=""><span><span class="keyword">private</span><span>: </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span> width; </span></span></li><li class=""><span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span> height; </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span> <span class="keyword">static</span><span> </span><span class="keyword">int</span><span> count; </span><span class="comment">// 一静态成员做为计数器</span><span> </span></span></li><li class=""><span>}; </span></li><li class="alt"><span> </span></li><li class=""><span><span class="keyword">int</span><span> Rect::count = 0; </span><span class="comment">// 初始化计数器</span><span> </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span> </span></li><li class=""><span><span class="keyword">int</span><span> main() </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span>{ </span></li><li class=""><span> Rect rect1; </span></li><li class="alt"><span> cout<<<span class="string">"The count of Rect: "</span><span><<Rect::getCount()<<endl; </span></span></li><li class=""><span> </span></li><li class="alt"><span> Rect rect2(rect1); <span class="comment">// 使用rect1复制rect2,此时应该有两个对象</span><span> </span></span></li><li class=""><span> cout<<<span class="string">"The count of Rect: "</span><span><<Rect::getCount()<<endl; </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span> </span></li><li class=""><span> <span class="keyword">return</span><span> 0; </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span>} </span></li></ol></div><textarea cols="70" rows="15" name="code" class="c-sharp" style="display: none;">class Rect
{
public:
Rect() // 构造函数,计数器加1
{
count++;
}
~Rect() // 析构函数,计数器减1
{
count--;
}
static int getCount() // 返回计数器的值
{
return count;
}
private:
int width;
int height;
static int count; // 一静态成员做为计数器
};
int Rect::count = 0; // 初始化计数器
int main()
{
Rect rect1;
cout<<"The count of Rect: "<<Rect::getCount()<<endl;
Rect rect2(rect1); // 使用rect1复制rect2,此时应该有两个对象
cout<<"The count of Rect: "<<Rect::getCount()<<endl;
return 0;
}</textarea> </span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px"> 这段代码对前面的类,加入了一个静态成员,目的是进行计数</span><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px">。在主函数中,首先创建对象rect1,输出此时的对象个数,然后使用rect1复制出对象rect2,</span><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px">再输出此时的对象个数,按照理解,此时应该有两个对象存在,但实际程序运行时,输出的都是1,</span><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px">反应出只有1个对象。此外,在销毁对象时,由于会调用销毁两个对象,类的析构函数会调用两次,</span><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px">此时的计数器将变为负数。</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,102)">说白了,就是拷贝构造函数没有处理静态数据成员。</span><br>
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px">出现这些问题最根本就在于在复制对象时,计数器没有递增,我们</span><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px">重新编写拷贝构造函数,如下</span><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px">:<br>
<div class="dp-highlighter bg_c-sharp"><div class="bar"><div class="tools"><b>[c-sharp]</b> <a href="#" class="ViewSource" title="view plain" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('ViewSource',this);return false;" target="_blank">view plain</a><span data-mod="popu_168"> <a href="#" class="CopyToClipboard" title="copy" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('CopyToClipboard',this);return false;" target="_blank">copy</a><div style="position: absolute; left: 575px; top: 5674px; width: 18px; height: 18px; z-index: 99;"><embed id="ZeroClipboardMovie_9" src="http://static.blog.csdn.net/scripts/ZeroClipboard/ZeroClipboard.swf" loop="false" menu="false" quality="best" bgcolor="#ffffff" name="ZeroClipboardMovie_9" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="false" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer" flashvars="id=9&width=18&height=18" wmode="transparent" width="18" height="18" align="middle"></div></span><span data-mod="popu_169"> <a href="#" class="PrintSource" title="print" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('PrintSource',this);return false;" target="_blank">print</a></span><a href="#" class="About" title="?" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('About',this);return false;" target="_blank">?</a></div></div><ol start="1" class="dp-c"><li class="alt"><span><span class="keyword">class</span><span> Rect </span></span></li><li class=""><span>{ </span></li><li class="alt"><span><span class="keyword">public</span><span>: </span></span></li><li class=""><span> Rect() <span class="comment">// 构造函数,计数器加1</span><span> </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span> { </span></li><li class=""><span> count++; </span></li><li class="alt"><span> } </span></li><li class=""><span> Rect(<span class="keyword">const</span><span> Rect& r) </span><span class="comment">// 拷贝构造函数</span><span> </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span> { </span></li><li class=""><span> width = r.width; </span></li><li class="alt"><span> height = r.height; </span></li><li class=""><span> count++; <span class="comment">// 计数器加1</span><span> </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span> } </span></li><li class=""><span> ~Rect() <span class="comment">// 析构函数,计数器减1</span><span> </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span> { </span></li><li class=""><span> count--; </span></li><li class="alt"><span> } </span></li><li class=""><span> <span class="keyword">static</span><span> </span><span class="keyword">int</span><span> getCount() </span><span class="comment">// 返回计数器的值</span><span> </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span> { </span></li><li class=""><span> <span class="keyword">return</span><span> count; </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span> } </span></li><li class=""><span><span class="keyword">private</span><span>: </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span> width; </span></span></li><li class=""><span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span> height; </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span> <span class="keyword">static</span><span> </span><span class="keyword">int</span><span> count; </span><span class="comment">// 一静态成员做为计数器</span><span> </span></span></li><li class=""><span>}; </span></li></ol></div><textarea style="width: 581px; height: 264px; display: none;" cols="74" rows="15" name="code" class="c-sharp">class Rect
{
public:
Rect() // 构造函数,计数器加1
{
count++;
}
Rect(const Rect& r) // 拷贝构造函数
{
width = r.width;
height = r.height;
count++; // 计数器加1
}
~Rect() // 析构函数,计数器减1
{
count--;
}
static int getCount() // 返回计数器的值
{
return count;
}
private:
int width;
int height;
static int count; // 一静态成员做为计数器
};</textarea> </span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px"><strong>2. 浅拷贝</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px"> 所谓浅拷贝,指的是在对象复制时,<span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,102)">只对对象中的数据成员进行简单的赋值</span></span><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px">,默认拷贝构造函数执行的也是浅拷贝。大多情况下“浅拷贝”已经能很好地</span><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px">工作了,但是一旦对象存在了动态成员,那么浅拷贝就会出问题了,让我们考虑如下一段代码:<br>
<div class="dp-highlighter bg_c-sharp"><div class="bar"><div class="tools"><b>[c-sharp]</b> <a href="#" class="ViewSource" title="view plain" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('ViewSource',this);return false;" target="_blank">view plain</a><span data-mod="popu_168"> <a href="#" class="CopyToClipboard" title="copy" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('CopyToClipboard',this);return false;" target="_blank">copy</a><div style="position: absolute; left: 575px; top: 6329px; width: 18px; height: 18px; z-index: 99;"><embed id="ZeroClipboardMovie_10" src="http://static.blog.csdn.net/scripts/ZeroClipboard/ZeroClipboard.swf" loop="false" menu="false" quality="best" bgcolor="#ffffff" name="ZeroClipboardMovie_10" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="false" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer" flashvars="id=10&width=18&height=18" wmode="transparent" width="18" height="18" align="middle"></div></span><span data-mod="popu_169"> <a href="#" class="PrintSource" title="print" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('PrintSource',this);return false;" target="_blank">print</a></span><a href="#" class="About" title="?" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('About',this);return false;" target="_blank">?</a></div></div><ol start="1" class="dp-c"><li class="alt"><span><span class="keyword">class</span><span> Rect </span></span></li><li class=""><span>{ </span></li><li class="alt"><span><span class="keyword">public</span><span>: </span></span></li><li class=""><span> Rect() <span class="comment">// 构造函数,p指向堆中分配的一空间</span><span> </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span> { </span></li><li class=""><span> p = <span class="keyword">new</span><span> </span><span class="keyword">int</span><span>(100); </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span> } </span></li><li class=""><span> ~Rect() <span class="comment">// 析构函数,释放动态分配的空间</span><span> </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span> { </span></li><li class=""><span> <span class="keyword">if</span><span>(p != NULL) </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span> { </span></li><li class=""><span> delete p; </span></li><li class="alt"><span> } </span></li><li class=""><span> } </span></li><li class="alt"><span><span class="keyword">private</span><span>: </span></span></li><li class=""><span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span> width; </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span> height; </span></span></li><li class=""><span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span> *p; </span><span class="comment">// 一指针成员</span><span> </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span>}; </span></li><li class=""><span> </span></li><li class="alt"><span><span class="keyword">int</span><span> main() </span></span></li><li class=""><span>{ </span></li><li class="alt"><span> Rect rect1; </span></li><li class=""><span> Rect rect2(rect1); <span class="comment">// 复制对象</span><span> </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span> <span class="keyword">return</span><span> 0; </span></span></li><li class=""><span>} </span></li></ol></div><textarea cols="65" rows="15" name="code" class="c-sharp" style="display: none;">class Rect
{
public:
Rect() // 构造函数,p指向堆中分配的一空间
{
p = new int(100);
}
~Rect() // 析构函数,释放动态分配的空间
{
if(p != NULL)
{
delete p;
}
}
private:
int width;
int height;
int *p; // 一指针成员
};
int main()
{
Rect rect1;
Rect rect2(rect1); // 复制对象
return 0;
}</textarea> </span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px"> 在这段代码运行结束之前,会出现一个运行错误。原因就在于在进行对象复制时,对于动态分</span><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px">配的内容没有进行正确的操作。我们来分析一下:</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px"> 在运行定义rect1对象后,由于在构造函数中有一个动态分配的语句,因此执行后的内存情况大</span><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px">致如下:</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px"> <img src="http://hi.csdn.net/attachment/201102/23/0_1298440885fFHF.gif" alt="" width="376" height="176"></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px"> </span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px"> 在使用rect1复制rect2时,由于执行的是浅拷贝,只是将成员的值进行赋值,这时
<span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,102)">rect1.p</span></span><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,102)"> = rect2.p</span>,也即这两个指针指向了堆里的同一个空间,如下图所示:</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px"><img src="http://hi.csdn.net/attachment/201102/23/0_1298440940377T.gif" alt="" width="430" height="245"></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px"> </span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px">当然,这不是我们所期望的结果,在销毁对象时,两个对象的析构函数将对同一个内存空间<span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,102)">释放两</span></span><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px"><span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,102)">次</span>,这就是错误出现的原因。我们需要的不是两个p有相同的值,而是两个p指向的空间有相同的值</span><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px">,解决办法就是使用“深拷贝”。</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px"><br>
</span><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px"><strong>3. 深拷贝</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px"> 在“深拷贝”的情况下,对于对象中动态成员,就不能仅仅简单地赋值了,而应该重新动态分</span><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px">配空间,如上面的例子就应该按照如下的方式进行处理:<br>
<div class="dp-highlighter bg_c-sharp"><div class="bar"><div class="tools"><b>[c-sharp]</b> <a href="#" class="ViewSource" title="view plain" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('ViewSource',this);return false;" target="_blank">view plain</a><span data-mod="popu_168"> <a href="#" class="CopyToClipboard" title="copy" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('CopyToClipboard',this);return false;" target="_blank">copy</a><div style="position: absolute; left: 575px; top: 7811px; width: 18px; height: 18px; z-index: 99;"><embed id="ZeroClipboardMovie_11" src="http://static.blog.csdn.net/scripts/ZeroClipboard/ZeroClipboard.swf" loop="false" menu="false" quality="best" bgcolor="#ffffff" name="ZeroClipboardMovie_11" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="false" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer" flashvars="id=11&width=18&height=18" wmode="transparent" width="18" height="18" align="middle"></div></span><span data-mod="popu_169"> <a href="#" class="PrintSource" title="print" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('PrintSource',this);return false;" target="_blank">print</a></span><a href="#" class="About" title="?" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('About',this);return false;" target="_blank">?</a></div></div><ol start="1" class="dp-c"><li class="alt"><span><span class="keyword">class</span><span> Rect </span></span></li><li class=""><span>{ </span></li><li class="alt"><span><span class="keyword">public</span><span>: </span></span></li><li class=""><span> Rect() <span class="comment">// 构造函数,p指向堆中分配的一空间</span><span> </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span> { </span></li><li class=""><span> p = <span class="keyword">new</span><span> </span><span class="keyword">int</span><span>(100); </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span> } </span></li><li class=""><span> Rect(<span class="keyword">const</span><span> Rect& r) </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span> { </span></li><li class=""><span> width = r.width; </span></li><li class="alt"><span> height = r.height; </span></li><li class=""><span> p = <span class="keyword">new</span><span> </span><span class="keyword">int</span><span>; </span><span class="comment">// 为新对象重新动态分配空间</span><span> </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span> *p = *(r.p); </span></li><li class=""><span> } </span></li><li class="alt"><span> ~Rect() <span class="comment">// 析构函数,释放动态分配的空间</span><span> </span></span></li><li class=""><span> { </span></li><li class="alt"><span> <span class="keyword">if</span><span>(p != NULL) </span></span></li><li class=""><span> { </span></li><li class="alt"><span> delete p; </span></li><li class=""><span> } </span></li><li class="alt"><span> } </span></li><li class=""><span><span class="keyword">private</span><span>: </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span> width; </span></span></li><li class=""><span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span> height; </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span> *p; </span><span class="comment">// 一指针成员</span><span> </span></span></li><li class=""><span>}; </span></li></ol></div><textarea cols="66" rows="15" name="code" class="c-sharp" style="display: none;">class Rect
{
public:
Rect() // 构造函数,p指向堆中分配的一空间
{
p = new int(100);
}
Rect(const Rect& r)
{
width = r.width;
height = r.height;
p = new int; // 为新对象重新动态分配空间
*p = *(r.p);
}
~Rect() // 析构函数,释放动态分配的空间
{
if(p != NULL)
{
delete p;
}
}
private:
int width;
int height;
int *p; // 一指针成员
};</textarea> </span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px">此时,在完成对象的复制后,内存的一个大致情况如下:</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px"> </span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px"><img src="http://hi.csdn.net/attachment/201102/23/0_12984409785Oby.gif" alt="" width="460" height="261"></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px">此时rect1的p和rect2的p各自指向一段内存空间,但它们指向的空间具有相同的内容,这就是所谓</span><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px">的“深拷贝”。</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px"></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px"><br>
</span><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px"><strong>3. 防止默认拷贝发生</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px"> 通过对对象复制的分析,我们发现对象的复制大多在进行“值传递”时发生,这里有一个小技</span><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px">巧可以防止按值传递——<strong><span style="color:#ff0000">声明一个私有拷贝构造函数</span></strong>。甚至不必去定义这个拷贝构造函数,这样因</span><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px">为拷贝构造函数是私有的,如果用户试图按值传递或函数返回该类对象,将得到一个编译错误,从</span><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px">而可以避免按值传递或返回对象。</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px"><div class="dp-highlighter bg_c-sharp"><div class="bar"><div class="tools"><b>[c-sharp]</b> <a href="#" class="ViewSource" title="view plain" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('ViewSource',this);return false;" target="_blank">view plain</a><span data-mod="popu_168"> <a href="#" class="CopyToClipboard" title="copy" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('CopyToClipboard',this);return false;" target="_blank">copy</a><div style="position: absolute; left: 575px; top: 8939px; width: 18px; height: 18px; z-index: 99;"><embed id="ZeroClipboardMovie_12" src="http://static.blog.csdn.net/scripts/ZeroClipboard/ZeroClipboard.swf" loop="false" menu="false" quality="best" bgcolor="#ffffff" name="ZeroClipboardMovie_12" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="false" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer" flashvars="id=12&width=18&height=18" wmode="transparent" width="18" height="18" align="middle"></div></span><span data-mod="popu_169"> <a href="#" class="PrintSource" title="print" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('PrintSource',this);return false;" target="_blank">print</a></span><a href="#" class="About" title="?" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('About',this);return false;" target="_blank">?</a></div></div><ol start="1" class="dp-c"><li class="alt"><span><span class="comment">// 防止按值传递</span><span> </span></span></li><li class=""><span><span class="keyword">class</span><span> CExample </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span>{ </span></li><li class=""><span><span class="keyword">private</span><span>: </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span> a; </span></span></li><li class=""><span> </span></li><li class="alt"><span><span class="keyword">public</span><span>: </span></span></li><li class=""><span> <span class="comment">//构造函数</span><span> </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span> CExample(<span class="keyword">int</span><span> b) </span></span></li><li class=""><span> { </span></li><li class="alt"><span> a = b; </span></li><li class=""><span> cout<<<span class="string">"creat: "</span><span><<a<<endl; </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span> } </span></li><li class=""><span> </span></li><li class="alt"><span><span class="keyword">private</span><span>: </span></span></li><li class=""><span> <span class="comment">//拷贝构造,只是声明</span><span> </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span> CExample(<span class="keyword">const</span><span> CExample& C); </span></span></li><li class=""><span> </span></li><li class="alt"><span><span class="keyword">public</span><span>: </span></span></li><li class=""><span> ~CExample() </span></li><li class="alt"><span> { </span></li><li class=""><span> cout<< <span class="string">"delete: "</span><span><<a<<endl; </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span> } </span></li><li class=""><span> </span></li><li class="alt"><span> <span class="keyword">void</span><span> Show () </span></span></li><li class=""><span> { </span></li><li class="alt"><span> cout<<a<<endl; </span></li><li class=""><span> } </span></li><li class="alt"><span>}; </span></li><li class=""><span> </span></li><li class="alt"><span><span class="comment">//全局函数</span><span> </span></span></li><li class=""><span><span class="keyword">void</span><span> g_Fun(CExample C) </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span>{ </span></li><li class=""><span> cout<<<span class="string">"test"</span><span><<endl; </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span>} </span></li><li class=""><span> </span></li><li class="alt"><span><span class="keyword">int</span><span> main() </span></span></li><li class=""><span>{ </span></li><li class="alt"><span> CExample test(1); </span></li><li class=""><span> <span class="comment">//g_Fun(test); 按值传递将出错</span><span> </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span> </span></li><li class=""><span> <span class="keyword">return</span><span> 0; </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span>} </span></li></ol></div><textarea cols="83" rows="15" name="code" class="c-sharp" style="display: none;">// 防止按值传递
class CExample
{
private:
int a;
public:
//构造函数
CExample(int b)
{
a = b;
cout<<"creat: "<<a<<endl;
}
private:
//拷贝构造,只是声明
CExample(const CExample& C);
public:
~CExample()
{
cout<< "delete: "<<a<<endl;
}
void Show ()
{
cout<<a<<endl;
}
};
//全局函数
void g_Fun(CExample C)
{
cout<<"test"<<endl;
}
int main()
{
CExample test(1);
//g_Fun(test); 按值传递将出错
return 0;
} </textarea></span><span style="font-family:SimSun">
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px"></span></p>
<p style="background-color:rgb(255,204,51)"><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px"><strong><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px; background-color:rgb(255,204,51)"><strong>四. 拷贝构造函数的几个细节</strong></span></strong></span></p>
<span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px; background-color:rgb(255,204,51)"><strong></strong></span>
<p><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px"><strong>1. 拷贝构造函数里能调用private成员变量吗?<br>
解答:</strong>这个问题是在网上见的,当时一下子有点晕。其时从名子我们就知道拷贝构造函数其时就是</span><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px">一个<span style="color:#ff0000">特殊的<strong>构造函数</strong></span>,操作的还是自己类的成员变量,所以不受private的限制。</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px"><br>
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px"><strong>2. 以下函数哪个是拷贝构造函数,为什么?</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px"><div class="dp-highlighter bg_c-sharp"><div class="bar"><div class="tools"><b>[c-sharp]</b> <a href="#" class="ViewSource" title="view plain" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('ViewSource',this);return false;" target="_blank">view plain</a><span data-mod="popu_168"> <a href="#" class="CopyToClipboard" title="copy" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('CopyToClipboard',this);return false;" target="_blank">copy</a><div style="position: absolute; left: 575px; top: 9980px; width: 18px; height: 18px; z-index: 99;"><embed id="ZeroClipboardMovie_13" src="http://static.blog.csdn.net/scripts/ZeroClipboard/ZeroClipboard.swf" loop="false" menu="false" quality="best" bgcolor="#ffffff" name="ZeroClipboardMovie_13" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="false" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer" flashvars="id=13&width=18&height=18" wmode="transparent" width="18" height="18" align="middle"></div></span><span data-mod="popu_169"> <a href="#" class="PrintSource" title="print" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('PrintSource',this);return false;" target="_blank">print</a></span><a href="#" class="About" title="?" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('About',this);return false;" target="_blank">?</a></div></div><ol start="1" class="dp-c"><li class="alt"><span><span>X::X(</span><span class="keyword">const</span><span> X&); </span></span></li><li class=""><span>X::X(X); </span></li><li class="alt"><span>X::X(X&, <span class="keyword">int</span><span> a=1); </span></span></li><li class=""><span>X::X(X&, <span class="keyword">int</span><span> a=1, </span><span class="keyword">int</span><span> b=2); </span></span></li></ol></div><textarea cols="50" rows="4" name="code" class="c-sharp" style="display: none;">X::X(const X&);
X::X(X);
X::X(X&, int a=1);
X::X(X&, int a=1, int b=2);</textarea><strong> <br>
</strong></span><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px"><strong>解答:</strong>对于一个类X, 如果一个构造函数的第一个参数是下列之一:<br>
a) X&<br>
b) const X&<br>
c) volatile X&<br>
d) const volatile X&<br>
且没有其他参数或其他参数都有默认值,那么这个函数是拷贝构造函数. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px"><div class="dp-highlighter bg_c-sharp"><div class="bar"><div class="tools"><b>[c-sharp]</b> <a href="#" class="ViewSource" title="view plain" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('ViewSource',this);return false;" target="_blank">view plain</a><span data-mod="popu_168"> <a href="#" class="CopyToClipboard" title="copy" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('CopyToClipboard',this);return false;" target="_blank">copy</a><div style="position: absolute; left: 575px; top: 10303px; width: 18px; height: 18px; z-index: 99;"><embed id="ZeroClipboardMovie_14" src="http://static.blog.csdn.net/scripts/ZeroClipboard/ZeroClipboard.swf" loop="false" menu="false" quality="best" bgcolor="#ffffff" name="ZeroClipboardMovie_14" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="false" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer" flashvars="id=14&width=18&height=18" wmode="transparent" width="18" height="18" align="middle"></div></span><span data-mod="popu_169"> <a href="#" class="PrintSource" title="print" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('PrintSource',this);return false;" target="_blank">print</a></span><a href="#" class="About" title="?" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('About',this);return false;" target="_blank">?</a></div></div><ol start="1" class="dp-c"><li class="alt"><span><span>X::X(</span><span class="keyword">const</span><span> X&); </span><span class="comment">//是拷贝构造函数 </span><span> </span></span></li><li class=""><span>X::X(X&, <span class="keyword">int</span><span>=1); </span><span class="comment">//是拷贝构造函数 </span><span> </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span>X::X(X&, <span class="keyword">int</span><span> a=1, </span><span class="keyword">int</span><span> b=2); </span><span class="comment">//当然也是拷贝构造函数</span><span> </span></span></li></ol></div><textarea cols="50" rows="4" name="code" class="c-sharp" style="display: none;">X::X(const X&); //是拷贝构造函数
X::X(X&, int=1); //是拷贝构造函数
X::X(X&, int a=1, int b=2); //当然也是拷贝构造函数</textarea> </span></p>
<p><br>
</p>
<p><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px"><strong>3. 一个类中可以存在多于一个的拷贝构造函数吗?<br>
解答:</strong>类中可以存在超过一个拷贝构造函数。</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px"><div class="dp-highlighter bg_c-sharp"><div class="bar"><div class="tools"><b>[c-sharp]</b> <a href="#" class="ViewSource" title="view plain" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('ViewSource',this);return false;" target="_blank">view plain</a><span data-mod="popu_168"> <a href="#" class="CopyToClipboard" title="copy" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('CopyToClipboard',this);return false;" target="_blank">copy</a><div style="position: absolute; left: 575px; top: 10518px; width: 18px; height: 18px; z-index: 99;"><embed id="ZeroClipboardMovie_15" src="http://static.blog.csdn.net/scripts/ZeroClipboard/ZeroClipboard.swf" loop="false" menu="false" quality="best" bgcolor="#ffffff" name="ZeroClipboardMovie_15" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="false" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer" flashvars="id=15&width=18&height=18" wmode="transparent" width="18" height="18" align="middle"></div></span><span data-mod="popu_169"> <a href="#" class="PrintSource" title="print" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('PrintSource',this);return false;" target="_blank">print</a></span><a href="#" class="About" title="?" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('About',this);return false;" target="_blank">?</a></div></div><ol start="1" class="dp-c"><li class="alt"><span><span class="keyword">class</span><span> X { </span></span></li><li class=""><span><span class="keyword">public</span><span>: </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span> X(<span class="keyword">const</span><span> X&); </span><span class="comment">// const 的拷贝构造</span><span> </span></span></li><li class=""><span> X(X&); <span class="comment">// 非const的拷贝构造</span><span> </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span>}; </span></li></ol></div><textarea cols="50" rows="6" name="code" class="c-sharp" style="display: none;">class X {
public:
X(const X&); // const 的拷贝构造
X(X&); // 非const的拷贝构造
};
</textarea> <br>
注意,如果一个类中只存在一个参数为 X& 的拷贝构造函数,那么就不能使用const X或volatile X的</span><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px">对象实行拷贝初始化.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px"><div class="dp-highlighter bg_c-sharp"><div class="bar"><div class="tools"><b>[c-sharp]</b> <a href="#" class="ViewSource" title="view plain" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('ViewSource',this);return false;" target="_blank">view plain</a><span data-mod="popu_168"> <a href="#" class="CopyToClipboard" title="copy" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('CopyToClipboard',this);return false;" target="_blank">copy</a><div style="position: absolute; left: 575px; top: 10755px; width: 18px; height: 18px; z-index: 99;"><embed id="ZeroClipboardMovie_16" src="http://static.blog.csdn.net/scripts/ZeroClipboard/ZeroClipboard.swf" loop="false" menu="false" quality="best" bgcolor="#ffffff" name="ZeroClipboardMovie_16" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="false" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer" flashvars="id=16&width=18&height=18" wmode="transparent" width="18" height="18" align="middle"></div></span><span data-mod="popu_169"> <a href="#" class="PrintSource" title="print" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('PrintSource',this);return false;" target="_blank">print</a></span><a href="#" class="About" title="?" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('About',this);return false;" target="_blank">?</a></div></div><ol start="1" class="dp-c"><li class="alt"><span><span class="keyword">class</span><span> X { </span></span></li><li class=""><span><span class="keyword">public</span><span>: </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span> X(); </span></li><li class=""><span> X(X&); </span></li><li class="alt"><span>}; </span></li><li class=""><span> </span></li><li class="alt"><span><span class="keyword">const</span><span> X cx; </span></span></li><li class=""><span>X x = cx; <span class="comment">// error</span><span> </span></span></li></ol></div><textarea cols="50" rows="8" name="code" class="c-sharp" style="display: none;">class X {
public:
X();
X(X&);
};
const X cx;
X x = cx; // error
</textarea> <br>
</span><span style="font-family:SimSun; font-size:16px">如果一个类中没有定义拷贝构造函数,那么编译器会自动产生一个默认的拷贝构造函数。<br>
这个默认的参数可能为 <span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,102)">X::X(const X&)</span>或
<span style="background-color:rgb(255,255,102)">X::X(X&)</span>,由编译器根据上下文决定选择哪一个。</span></p>