一、 多线程锁synchronized
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概念说明:synchronized是java语言的关键字,当它用来修饰一个方法或者一个代码块的时候,能保证在同一时刻最多只有一个线程执行该段代码。
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使用方式:
a. 修饰代码块:注意在锁的时候,一定要保证是同一个对象
/** * 不使用synchronized加锁的情况下,线程A,B交替执行 * 可能输出的结果: * Thread B print 0 * Thread B print 1 * Thread B print 2 * Thread A print 0 * Thread B print 3 * Thread A print 1 * Thread B print 4 * Thread A print 2 * Thread A print 3 * Thread A print 4 */ public class SyncDemo implements Runnable { @Override public void run() { for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " print " + i); } } public static void main(String[] args) { SyncDemo syncDemo = new SyncDemo(); Thread threadA = new Thread(syncDemo, "Thread A"); Thread threadB = new Thread(syncDemo, "Thread B"); threadA.start(); threadB.start(); } }
/** * 使用synchronized加锁的情况下,线程A和线程B必须排队等待其中一个线程执行完成释放锁后才能继续执行 * 可能输出的结果: * Thread A print 0 * Thread A print 1 * Thread A print 2 * Thread A print 3 * Thread A print 4 * Thread B print 0 * Thread B print 1 * Thread B print 2 * Thread B print 3 * Thread B print 4 */ public class SyncDemo implements Runnable { @Override public void run() { synchronized (this) { for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " print " + i); } } } public static void main(String[] args) { SyncDemo syncDemo = new SyncDemo(); Thread threadA = new Thread(syncDemo, "Thread A"); Thread threadB = new Thread(syncDemo, "Thread B"); threadA.start(); threadB.start(); // 稍微改动一下,此时为两个不同对象,则无法保证线程C和线程D必须等待对方执行完成才继续执行 Thread threadC = new Thread(new SyncDemo(), "Thread C"); Thread threadD = new Thread(new SyncDemo(), "Thread D"); threadC.start(); threadD.start(); } }
b. 修饰普通方法:
/** * 使用synchronized修饰普通方法,线程A和线程B必须排队等待其中一个线程执行完成释放锁后才能继续执行 * 可能输出的结果: * Thread A print 0 * Thread A print 1 * Thread A print 2 * Thread A print 3 * Thread A print 4 * Thread B print 0 * Thread B print 1 * Thread B print 2 * Thread B print 3 * Thread B print 4 */ public class SyncDemo implements Runnable { @Override public synchronized void run() { for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " print " + i); } } public static void main(String[] args) { SyncDemo syncDemo = new SyncDemo(); Thread threadA = new Thread(syncDemo, "Thread A"); Thread threadB = new Thread(syncDemo, "Thread B"); threadA.start(); threadB.start(); } }
c. 修饰静态方法:上面的演示了,当创建两个不同的对象时,添加synchronized块或者是在方法上面添加synchronized,两个不同对象是彼此独立的锁,但是使用在静态方法上面使用synchronized,两个对象却保持了同步,这是因为run中调用的静态方法,而静态方法是属于同一个类的,所有两个对象相当与持有了同一把锁。
/** * synchronized修饰静态方法,当两个不同的对象同时启动静态方法,因为静态方法是同一个方法, * 无论你创建多少个类对象,静态方法都是同一个,则线程A和线程B在调用静态方法时,都持有同一 * 把锁 * 可能输出的结果: * Thread A print 0 * Thread A print 1 * Thread A print 2 * Thread A print 3 * Thread A print 4 * Thread B print 0 * Thread B print 1 * Thread B print 2 * Thread B print 3 * Thread B print 4 */ public class SyncDemo implements Runnable { @Override public void run() { method(); } public synchronized static void method() { for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " print " + i); } } public static void main(String[] args) { // 此时线程A和线程B为不同对象的线程 Thread threadA = new Thread(new SyncDemo(), "Thread A"); Thread threadB = new Thread(new SyncDemo(), "Thread B"); threadA.start(); threadB.start(); } }
二. 多线程之volatile
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概念:volatile关键字修饰一个共享变量(类的成员变量、类的静态成员变量),则会具备两层意义:
a. 保证了不同线程对这个变量进行操作时的可见性,即一个线程修改了某个变量的值,则新值对其他线程来说是立即可见的。
b. 禁止指令进行重排序
/** * 使用volatile终止线程 */ public class VolatileDemo implements Runnable { // 如果不是用volatile关键字,可以能导致线程死锁,永远无法终止线程 private static volatile boolean flag = false; @Override public void run() { while (!flag) { System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "线程被中断"); } } public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException { Thread thread = new Thread(new VolatileDemo(), "Thread A "); thread.start(); TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(5); flag = true; } }
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volatile关键字无法保证原子性,仅仅只能保证可见性:
/** * volatile关键字无法保证操作的原子性,只能保证可见性 * 结果始终都会小于10000 */ public class VolatileDemo2 { private volatile int num = 0; public void increase() { num++; } public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException { CountDownLatch countDownLatch = new CountDownLatch(10); final VolatileDemo2 volatileDemo = new VolatileDemo2(); for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { new Thread(() -> { try { for (int j = 0; j < 1000; j++) { volatileDemo.increase(); } } finally { countDownLatch.countDown(); } }).start(); } // 需要测试结果,需要让所有的线程全部执行完成 countDownLatch.await(); System.out.println(volatileDemo.num); } }