#第十三章类和继承:使用动态内存分配和友元的继承示例
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:使用动态内存分配和友元的继承示例
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前言
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:使用动态内存分配和友元的继承示例
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一、13.7.3 使用动态内存分配和友元的继承示例
为演示这些有关继承和动态内存分配的概念,我们将刚才介绍过的baseDMA、lacksDMA和 hasDMA类集成到一个示例中。程序清单 13.14是这些类的头文件。除了前面介绍的内容外,这个头文件还包含个友元函数,以说明派生类如何访问基类的友元。
程序清单13.14 dma.h
// dma.h -- inheritance and dynamic memory allocation
#ifndef DMA_H_
#define DMA_H_
#include <iostream>
// Base Class Using DMA
class baseDMA
{
private:
char* label;
int rating;
public:
baseDMA(const char* l = "null", int r = 0);
baseDMA(const baseDMA& rs);
virtual ~baseDMA();
baseDMA& operator=(const baseDMA& rs);
friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os,
const baseDMA& rs);
};
// derived class without DMA
// no destructor needed
// uses implicit copy constructor
// uses implicit assignment operator
class lacksDMA :public baseDMA
{
private:
enum { COL_LEN = 40 };
char color[COL_LEN];
public:
lacksDMA(const char* c = "blank", const char* l = "null",
int r = 0);
lacksDMA(const char* c, const baseDMA& rs);
friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os,
const lacksDMA& rs);
};
// derived class with DMA
class hasDMA :public baseDMA
{
private:
char* style;
public:
hasDMA(const char* s = "none", const char* l = "null",
int r = 0);
hasDMA(const char* s, const baseDMA& rs);
hasDMA(const hasDMA& hs);
~hasDMA();
hasDMA& operator=(const hasDMA& rs);
friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os,
const hasDMA& rs);
};
#endif
程序清单 13.15列出了类baseDMA、lackDMA 和hasDMA的方法定义。程序清单 13.15 dma.cpp
程序清单 13.15 dma.cpp
// dma.cpp --dma class methods
#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
#include "dma.h"
#include <cstring>
// baseDMA methods
baseDMA::baseDMA(const char* l, int r)
{
label = new char[std::strlen(l) + 1];
std::strcpy(label, l);
rating = r;
}
baseDMA::baseDMA(const baseDMA& rs)
{
label = new char[std::strlen(rs.label) + 1];
std::strcpy(label, rs.label);
rating = rs.rating;
}
baseDMA::~baseDMA()
{
delete[] label;
}
baseDMA& baseDMA::operator=(const baseDMA& rs)
{
if (this == &rs)
return *this;
delete[] label;
label = new char[std::strlen(rs.label) + 1];
std::strcpy(label, rs.label);
rating = rs.rating;
return *this;
}
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const baseDMA& rs)
{
os << "Label: " << rs.label << std::endl;
os << "Rating: " << rs.rating << std::endl;
return os;
}
// lacksDMA methods
lacksDMA::lacksDMA(const char* c, const char* l, int r)
: baseDMA(l, r)
{
std::strncpy(color, c, 39);
color[39] = '\0';
}
lacksDMA::lacksDMA(const char* c, const baseDMA& rs)
: baseDMA(rs)
{
std::strncpy(color, c, COL_LEN - 1);
color[COL_LEN - 1] = '\0';
}
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const lacksDMA& ls)
{
os << (const baseDMA&)ls;
os << "Color: " << ls.color << std::endl;
return os;
}
// hasDMA methods
hasDMA::hasDMA(const char* s, const char* l, int r)
: baseDMA(l, r)
{
style = new char[std::strlen(s) + 1];
std::strcpy(style, s);
}
hasDMA::hasDMA(const char* s, const baseDMA& rs)
: baseDMA(rs)
{
style = new char[std::strlen(s) + 1];
std::strcpy(style, s);
}
hasDMA::hasDMA(const hasDMA& hs)
: baseDMA(hs) // invoke base class copy constructor
{
style = new char[std::strlen(hs.style) + 1];
std::strcpy(style, hs.style);
}
hasDMA::~hasDMA()
{
delete[] style;
}
hasDMA& hasDMA::operator=(const hasDMA& hs)
{
if (this == &hs)
return *this;
baseDMA::operator=(hs); // copy base portion
delete[] style; // prepare for new style
style = new char[std::strlen(hs.style) + 1];
std::strcpy(style, hs.style);
return *this;
}
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const hasDMA& hs)
{
os << (const baseDMA&)hs;
os << "Style: " << hs.style << std::endl;
return os;
}
在程序清单 13.14和程序清单13.15中,需要注意的新特性是,派生类如何使用基类的友元。例如,请考虑下面这个 hasDMa类的友元:
friend std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & os,
const hasDMA &rs);
作为 hasDMA 类的友元,该函数能够访问 style成员。然而,还存在一个问题:该函数如不是 baseDMA类的友元,那它如何访问成员lable 和 rating 呢?答案是使用 baseDMA 类的友元函数 operator<<()。下一个问题是,因为友元不是成员函数,所以不能使用作用域解析运算符来指出要使用哪个函数。这个问题的解决方法是使用强制类型转换,以便匹配原型时能够选择正确的函数。因此,代码将参数consthasDMA&转换成类型为constbaseDMA&的参数:
std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream & os,const hasDMA & hs)//type cast to match operator<<(ostream &const baseDMA &)
os<<(const baseDMA &)hs;
os <<"Style:"<<hs.style << endl;
return os;
}
程序清单 13.16是一个测试类baseDMA、lackDMA 和 hasDMA 的小程序。
3 测试函数
//usedma.cpp -- inheritance, friends and DMA
#include <iostream>
#include "dma.h"
#include <iostream>
#include "dma.h"
int main()
{
using std::cout;
using std::endl;
baseDMA shirt("Portabelly", 8);
lacksDMA balloon("red", "Blimpo", 4);
hasDMA map("Mercator", "Buffalo Keys", 5);
cout << "Displaying baseDMA object: " << endl;
cout << shirt << endl;
cout << "Displaying lacksDMA object: " << endl;
cout << balloon << endl;
cout << "Displaying hasDMA object: " << endl;
cout << map << endl;
lacksDMA balloon2(balloon);
cout << "Result of lacksDMA copy: " << endl;
cout << balloon2 << endl;
hasDMA map2;
map2 = map;
cout << "Result of hasDMA assignment: " << endl;
cout << map2 << endl;
cout << "Result of lacksDMA assignment: " << endl;
//balloon2 = shirt;
cout << balloon2 << endl;
return 0;
}
总结
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