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>>> help(dict)
Help on dict object:

class dict(object)
 |  dict() -> new empty dictionary
 |  dict(mapping) -> new dictionary initialized from a mapping object's
 |      (key, value) pairs
 |  dict(iterable) -> new dictionary initialized as if via:
 |      d = {}
 |      for k, v in iterable:
 |          d[k] = v
 |  dict(**kwargs) -> new dictionary initialized with the name=value pairs
 |      in the keyword argument list.  For example:  dict(one=1, two=2)
 |
 |  Methods defined here:
 |
 |  __contains__(self, key, /)
 |      True if the dictionary has the specified key, else False.
 |
 |  __delitem__(self, key, /)
 |      Delete self[key].
 |
 |  __eq__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self==value.
 |
 |  __ge__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>=value.
 |
 |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
 |      Return getattr(self, name).
 |
 |  __getitem__(...)
 |      x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y]
 |
 |  __gt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self>value.
 |
 |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
 |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
 |
 |  __iter__(self, /)
 |      Implement iter(self).
 |
 |  __le__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<=value.
 |
 |  __len__(self, /)
 |      Return len(self).
 |
 |  __lt__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self<value.
 |
 |  __ne__(self, value, /)
 |      Return self!=value.
 |
 |  __repr__(self, /)
 |      Return repr(self).
 |
 |  __setitem__(self, key, value, /)
 |      Set self[key] to value.
 |
 |  __sizeof__(...)
 |      D.__sizeof__() -> size of D in memory, in bytes
 |
 |  clear(...)
 |      D.clear() -> None.  Remove all items from D.
 |
 |  copy(...)
 |      D.copy() -> a shallow copy of D
 |
 |  get(self, key, default=None, /)
 |      Return the value for key if key is in the dictionary, else default.
 |
 |  items(...)
 |      D.items() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's items
 |
 |  keys(...)
 |      D.keys() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's keys
 |
 |  pop(...)
 |      D.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value.
 |      If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise KeyError is raised
 |
 |  popitem(...)
 |      D.popitem() -> (k, v), remove and return some (key, value) pair as a
 |      2-tuple; but raise KeyError if D is empty.
 |
 |  setdefault(self, key, default=None, /)
 |      Insert key with a value of default if key is not in the dictionary.
 |
 |      Return the value for key if key is in the dictionary, else default.
 |
 |  update(...)
 |      D.update([E, ]**F) -> None.  Update D from dict/iterable E and F.
 |      If E is present and has a .keys() method, then does:  for k in E: D[k] = E[k]
 |      If E is present and lacks a .keys() method, then does:  for k, v in E: D[k] = v
 |      In either case, this is followed by: for k in F:  D[k] = F[k]
 |
 |  values(...)
 |      D.values() -> an object providing a view on D's values
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Class methods defined here:
 |
 |  fromkeys(iterable, value=None, /) from builtins.type
 |      Create a new dictionary with keys from iterable and values set to value.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Static methods defined here:
 |
 |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from builtins.type
 |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Data and other attributes defined here:
 |
 |  __hash__ = None

>>> help(sorted)
Help on built-in function sorted in module builtins:

sorted(iterable, /, *, key=None, reverse=False)
    Return a new list containing all items from the iterable in ascending order.

    A custom key function can be supplied to customize the sort order, and the
    reverse flag can be set to request the result in descending order.

>>>

PS: 任何具有__iter__()或__getitem__()方法的对象，Python就认为它是一个iterable。

iterable 可迭代对象可迭代的

 

>>> help(operator.itemgetter(1))
Help on itemgetter object:

class itemgetter(builtins.object)
 |  itemgetter(item, ...) --> itemgetter object
 |
 |  Return a callable object that fetches the given item(s) from its operand.
 |  After f = itemgetter(2), the call f(r) returns r[2].
 |  After g = itemgetter(2, 5, 3), the call g(r) returns (r[2], r[5], r[3])
 |
 |  Methods defined here:
 |
 |  __call__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
 |      Call self as a function.
 |
 |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)
 |      Return getattr(self, name).
 |
 |  __reduce__(...)
 |      Return state information for pickling
 |
 |  __repr__(self, /)
 |      Return repr(self).
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Static methods defined here:
 |
 |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from builtins.type
 |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.

>>>

 

示例

>>> d  #字典类型
{'A': 2, 'B': 1, 'C': 5, 'D': 1}

>>> d.items()
dict_items([('A', 2), ('B', 1), ('C', 5), ('D', 1)])
>>> d.keys()
dict_keys(['A', 'B', 'C', 'D'])

>>> import operator

>>> sorted(d.items(), key=operator.itemgetter(0), reverse=True)  #按照key排序
[('D', 1), ('C', 5), ('B', 1), ('A', 2)]
>>> sorted(d.items(), key=operator.itemgetter(1), reverse=True)  #按照value排序
[('C', 5), ('A', 2), ('B', 1), ('D', 1)]

>>> d4=sorted(d.items(), key=operator.itemgetter(1), reverse=True)  #按照value的大小对字典d4进行降序排序
>>> d4
[('C', 5), ('A', 2), ('B', 1), ('D', 1)]   #排序后的结果，它是一个list，元素为tuple
>>> d4[0]
('C', 5)
>>> d4[0][0]
'C'
>>> d4[0][1]
5
>>>