Python编程从入门到实践_第四章

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/zj15001/article/details/125666111

第四章_操作列表

4.1 遍历整个列表

任务：把魔术师名单中的每个名字打印出来

magicians = ['alice','david','carolina']
for magician in magicians:
    print(magician)

alice
david
carolina

注意

magician 与 magicians 区别，列表元素 v.s. 列表,单数 v.s. 复数
编写for循环时，可以给依次与列表中每个值关联的临时变量指定任意名称
选择描述单个列表元素的有意义的名称大有裨益

for cat in cats

for dog in dogs

for item in item_list

4.1.2 在for循环中（缩进）执行更多操作

任务：对每位魔术师，打印一条消息，指出他的表演太精彩了

方法：使用for循环+f字符串+title()

注意： for循环中（缩进）可以包含多行代码，针对列表中的每个值都执行一遍

magicians = ['alice','david','carolina']
for magician in magicians:
    print(f"{magician.title()}, that was a great trick!")

Alice, that was a great trick!
David, that was a great trick!
Carolina, that was a great trick!

magicians = ['alice','david','carolina']
for magician in magicians:
    print(f"{magician.title()}, that was a great trick!")
    print(f"I can't wait to see your next trick, {magician.title()}. \n")

Alice, that was a great trick!
I can't wait to see your next trick, Alice. 

David, that was a great trick!
I can't wait to see your next trick, David. 

Carolina, that was a great trick!
I can't wait to see your next trick, Carolina.

4.1.3 在for循环结束后（不缩进）执行一些操作

注意： for循环后（没有缩进）的代码只执行一次，不会重复执行

任务：在给每个魔术师的消息后再打印一条消息，向全体魔术师致敬，感谢他们的精彩表演

magicians = ['alice','david','carolina']
for magician in magicians:
    print(f"{magician.title()}, that was a great trick!")
    print(f"I can't wait to see your next trick, {magician.title()}. \n")

print("Thank you, everyone. That was a great magic show!")

Alice, that was a great trick!
I can't wait to see your next trick, Alice. 

David, that was a great trick!
I can't wait to see your next trick, David. 

Carolina, that was a great trick!
I can't wait to see your next trick, Carolina. 

Thank you, everyone. That was a great magic show!

4.2 避免错误缩进

其他程序设计语言（如Java或者C）采取括号“{}”分隔代码块，Python采用代码缩进和冒号“：”区分代码之间的层次
Python是使用缩进和冒号“：”来区分不同的代码块，所以对缩进有严格要求
缩进可以使用空格键或者 < Tab > 键实现。使用空格键时，通常情况下采用4个空格作为一个缩进量，而使用< Tab >键时，则采用一个< Tab >键作为一个缩进量
通常情况下建议采用空格进行缩进

4.2.1 忘记缩进

magicians = ['alice','david','carolina']
for magician in magicians:
print(magician)

 File "<ipython-input-6-ca8d82b477e3>", line 3
    print(magician)
    ^
IndentationError: expected an indented block

4.2.2 忘记缩进额外的代码行

magicians = ['alice','david','carolina']
for magician in magicians:
    print(f"{magician.title()}, that was a great trick!")
print(f"I can't wait to see your next trick, {magician.title()}. \n")

Alice, that was a great trick!
David, that was a great trick!
Carolina, that was a great trick!
I can't wait to see your next trick, Carolina.

4.2.3 不必要的缩进

massege = "Hello Python World!"
    print(massege)

 File "<ipython-input-8-4938d5d5ac94>", line 2
    print(massege)
    ^
IndentationError: unexpected indent

4.2.4 循环后不必要的缩进

magicians = ['alice','david','carolina']
for magician in magicians:
    print(f"{magician.title()}, that was a great trick!")
    print(f"I can't wait to see your next trick, {magician.title()}. \n")

    print("Thank you, everyone. That was a great magic show!")

Alice, that was a great trick!
I can't wait to see your next trick, Alice. 

Thank you, everyone. That was a great magic show!
David, that was a great trick!
I can't wait to see your next trick, David. 

Thank you, everyone. That was a great magic show!
Carolina, that was a great trick!
I can't wait to see your next trick, Carolina. 

Thank you, everyone. That was a great magic show!

4.2.5 遗漏了冒号

magicians = ['alice','david','carolina']
for magician in magicians
    print(f"{magician.title()}, that was a great trick!")
print(f"I can't wait to see your next trick, {magician.title()}. \n")

 File "<ipython-input-10-5dc11a10cf91>", line 2
    for magician in magicians
                             ^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax

4.3 创建数值列表

4.3.1 range()和list()

range(): 创建数字序列
range(start, stop, step)：
start：可选，整数，指定从哪个位置开始，默认为 0。
stop：可选，整数，指定在哪个位置结束。
step：可选，整数，指定增量。默认为 1。
list():将range()的结果直接转换为列表

for value in range(1,5):
    print(value)
# 输出不包含5

for value in range(5):
    print(value)

for value in range(1,10,2):
    print(value)

list(range(1,5))

[1, 2, 3, 4]

4.3.2 使用range()创建数字列表

任务：打印1-10的偶数，步长为2

even_numbers = list(range(2,11,2))
print(even_numbers)

[2, 4, 6, 8, 10]

任务：创建一个列表，包含1 - 10的平方

squares = []

for value in range(1,11):
    square = value ** 2
    squares.append(square)
    
print(squares)

[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100]

4.3.3 对数字列表执行简单的统计计算

min():最小债
max():最大值
sum():求和

digits = list(range(1,11))
print(digits)
print(min(digits))
print(max(digits))
print(sum(digits))

[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
1
10
55

4.3.4 列表解析

列表解析（list comprehension）提供了一种优雅的生成列表的方法，能用一行代码代替十几行代码，而且不损失任何可读性。而且，性能还快很多很多。

squares = []

for value in range(1,11):
    squares.append(value ** 2) 
    
print(squares)

[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100]

squares = [value ** 2 for value in range(1,11)]
print(squares)

[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100]

print([value ** 2 for value in range(1,11)])

[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100]

print('\n'.join([' '.join(["%2s x%2s = %2s"%(j,i,i*j) for j in range(1,i+1)]) for i in range(1,10)]))

1 x 1 =  1
 1 x 2 =  2  2 x 2 =  4
 1 x 3 =  3  2 x 3 =  6  3 x 3 =  9
 1 x 4 =  4  2 x 4 =  8  3 x 4 = 12  4 x 4 = 16
 1 x 5 =  5  2 x 5 = 10  3 x 5 = 15  4 x 5 = 20  5 x 5 = 25
 1 x 6 =  6  2 x 6 = 12  3 x 6 = 18  4 x 6 = 24  5 x 6 = 30  6 x 6 = 36
 1 x 7 =  7  2 x 7 = 14  3 x 7 = 21  4 x 7 = 28  5 x 7 = 35  6 x 7 = 42  7 x 7 = 49
 1 x 8 =  8  2 x 8 = 16  3 x 8 = 24  4 x 8 = 32  5 x 8 = 40  6 x 8 = 48  7 x 8 = 56  8 x 8 = 64
 1 x 9 =  9  2 x 9 = 18  3 x 9 = 27  4 x 9 = 36  5 x 9 = 45  6 x 9 = 54  7 x 9 = 63  8 x 9 = 72  9 x 9 = 81

print('\n'.join([' '.join(["%2s x%2s = %2s"%(j,i,i*j) for j in range(1,i+1)]) for i in range(1,10)]))

print('\n'.join([''.join([('python'[(x-y) % len('python')] if ((x*0.05)**2+(y*0.1)**2-1)**3-(x*0.05)**2*(y*0.1)**3 <= 0else' ') for x in range(-30, 30)]) for y in range(15, -15, -1)]))

4.4 使用列表的一部分

4.4.1 切片

指定要使用的第一个元素和最后一个元素的索引

players = ['charles','matina','michael','florence','eli']
print(players[0:3])

['charles', 'matina', 'michael']

#没有指定起始索引，自动从列表开头开始
players = ['charles','matina','michael','florence','eli']
print(players[:3])

['charles', 'matina', 'michael']

#没有指定终止索引，自动到列表末尾结束
players = ['charles','matina','michael','florence','eli']
print(players[1:])

['matina', 'michael', 'florence', 'eli']

#负数索引
players = ['charles','matina','michael','florence','eli']
print(players[-3:])

['michael', 'florence', 'eli']

#负数索引
players = ['charles','matina','michael','florence','eli']
print(players[0:4:2])

['charles', 'michael']

4.4.2 遍历切片

任务：打印以下结果

Here are the first three players on my team:

Charles

Matina

Michael

players = ['charles','matina','michael','florence','eli']
print("Here are the first three players on my team:")
for player in players[:3]:
    print(player.title())

Here are the first three players on my team:
Charles
Matina
Michael

4.4.3 复制列表

根据既有列表创建全新的列表

my_foods = ['pizza', 'falafel', 'carrot cake']
friend_foods = my_foods[:]

print("My favorite foods are:")
print(my_foods)

print("\nMy friend's favorite foods are:")
print(friend_foods)

My favorite foods are:
['pizza', 'falafel', 'carrot cake']

My friend's favorite foods are:
['pizza', 'falafel', 'carrot cake']

my_foods = ['pizza', 'falafel', 'carrot cake']
friend_foods = my_foods[:]

my_foods.append('cannoli')
friend_foods.append('ice cream')

print("My favorite foods are:")
print(my_foods)

print("\nMy friend's favorite foods are:")
print(friend_foods)

My favorite foods are:
['pizza', 'falafel', 'carrot cake', 'cannoli']

My friend's favorite foods are:
['pizza', 'falafel', 'carrot cake', 'ice cream']

my_foods = ['pizza', 'falafel', 'carrot cake']
friend_foods = my_foods #赋值与复制的区别

my_foods.append('cannoli')
friend_foods.append('ice cream')

print("My favorite foods are:")
print(my_foods)

print("\nMy friend's favorite foods are:")
print(friend_foods)

My favorite foods are:
['pizza', 'falafel', 'carrot cake', 'cannoli', 'ice cream']

My friend's favorite foods are:
['pizza', 'falafel', 'carrot cake', 'cannoli', 'ice cream']

4.5 元组 (tuple)

不能修改的值称为不可变的
不可变的列表称为元组
列表：[ ]
元组：( )
相比于列表，元组是更简单的数据结构
如果需要存储一组在整个程序生命周期内都不变的值，可以用元组

4.5.1 定义元组

dimensions = (200,50)
print(dimensions[0])
print(dimensions[1])

200
50

# 元组中的值不能修改
dimensions = (200,50)
dimensions[0] = 250

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-13-e6d9c4c4b557> in <module>
      1 dimensions = (200,50)
----> 2 dimensions[0] = 250

TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment

4.5.2 遍历元组

dimensions = (200,50)
for dimension in dimensions:
    print(dimension)

200
50

4.5.3 修改元组变量

元组的元素不能修改，但可以给存储元组的变量赋值来重新定义整个元组

dimensions = (200,50)
print("Original dimensions:")
for dimension in dimensions:
    print(dimension)
    
dimensions = (400,100)
print("\nOriginal dimensions:")
for dimension in dimensions:
    print(dimension)

Original dimensions:
200
50

Original dimensions:
400
100

4.6 设置代码格式

Python编程格式规范

缩进：建议用4个空格而不是Tab
行长
空行
……

练习

使用一个 for 循环打印数 1~20（含）
一百万求和: 创建一个包含数 1～1 000 000 的列表，再使用 min()和 max()核实该列表确实是从 1 开始、到 100000 结束的。另外，对这个列表调用函数 sum()，看看 Python 将一百万个数相加需要多长时间
立方将同一个数乘三次称为立方。例如，在 Python 中， 2 的立方用 2**3 表示。
- 请创建一个列表，其中包含前 10 个整数（即 1～10）的立方，再使用一个 for 循环将这些立方数都打印出来。
- 使用列表解析实现以上功能