Kubernetes集群安装(k8s学习)

Kubernetes集群安装

1.前期准备

准备三台服务器 2核4G 
1.k8s-master 172.31.0.2
2.k8s-node1  172.31.0.3
3.k8s-node2  172.31.0.4

开通青云服务器https://console.qingcloud.com/gd2/instances/
也可以在本机使用VMware搭建三台虚拟机

2.安装环境搭建

2.1 docker安装（所有机器）

# 1.移除旧版本docker
sudo yum remove docker \
                  docker-client \
                  docker-client-latest \
                  docker-common \
                  docker-latest \
                  docker-latest-logrotate \
                  docker-logrotate \
                  docker-engine
                                 
# 2. 配置yum信息
# 更新yaml工具  
sudo yum install -y yum-utils

# 指定yum源
sudo yum-config-manager \
--add-repo http://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo


# 3.安装docker
yum install -y docker-ce-20.10.7 docker-ce-cli-20.10.7  containerd.io-1.4.6


# 4.启动并配置开启自启动
systemctl enable docker --now


# 5.配置docker镜像加速
sudo mkdir -p /etc/docker
sudo tee /etc/docker/daemon.json <<-'EOF'
{
  "registry-mirrors": ["https://82m9ar63.mirror.aliyuncs.com"],
  "exec-opts": ["native.cgroupdriver=systemd"],
  "log-driver": "json-file",
  "log-opts": {
    "max-size": "100m"
  },
  "storage-driver": "overlay2"
}
EOF
sudo systemctl daemon-reload
sudo systemctl restart docker

2.2 安装kubeadm

# 官网说明的安装条件
● 一台兼容的 Linux 主机。Kubernetes 项目为基于 Debian 和 Red Hat 的 Linux 发行版以及一些不提供包管理器的发行版提供通用的指令
● 每台机器 2 GB 或更多的 RAM （如果少于这个数字将会影响你应用的运行内存)
● 2 CPU 核或更多
● 集群中的所有机器的网络彼此均能相互连接(公网和内网都可以)
  ○ 设置防火墙放行规则
● 节点之中不可以有重复的主机名、MAC 地址或 product_uuid。请参见这里了解更多详细信息。
  ○ 设置不同hostname
● 开启机器上的某些端口。请参见这里 了解更多详细信息。
  ○ 内网互信
● 禁用交换分区。为了保证 kubelet 正常工作，你 必须 禁用交换分区。
  ○ 永久关闭

2.2.1 配置基础环境

#各个机器设置自己的域名
hostnamectl set -hostname xxxx

# 将 SELinux 设置为 permissive 模式（相当于将其禁用）
sudo setenforce 0
sudo sed -i 's/^SELINUX=enforcing$/SELINUX=permissive/' /etc/selinux/config

#关闭swap
swapoff -a  
sed -ri 's/.*swap.*/#&/' /etc/fstab

#允许 iptables 检查桥接流量
cat <<EOF | sudo tee /etc/modules-load.d/k8s.conf
br_netfilter
EOF

cat <<EOF | sudo tee /etc/sysctl.d/k8s.conf
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables = 1
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables = 1
EOF
sudo sysctl --system

2.2.2 安装kubelet、kubeadm、kubectl

# 所有机器机器一起安装
# 指定安装的镜像地址
cat <<EOF | sudo tee /etc/yum.repos.d/kubernetes.repo
[kubernetes]
name=Kubernetes
baseurl=http://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/repos/kubernetes-el7-x86_64
enabled=1
gpgcheck=0
repo_gpgcheck=0
gpgkey=http://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/doc/yum-key.gpg
   http://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/doc/rpm-package-key.gpg
exclude=kubelet kubeadm kubectl
EOF

# 安装
sudo yum install -y kubelet-1.20.9 kubeadm-1.20.9 kubectl-1.20.9 --disableexcludes=kubernetes

sudo systemctl enable --now kubelet

2.2.3 使用kubeadm引导集群

1. 下载各个机器需要的镜像

# 安装需要的镜像（所有机器）
sudo tee ./images.sh <<-'EOF'
#!/bin/bash
images=(
kube-apiserver:v1.20.9
kube-proxy:v1.20.9
kube-controller-manager:v1.20.9
kube-scheduler:v1.20.9
coredns:1.7.0
etcd:3.4.13-0
pause:3.2
)
for imageName in ${images[@]} ; do
docker pull registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/lfy_k8s_images/$imageName
done
EOF
   
chmod +x ./images.sh && ./images.sh

2. 初始化主节点

#所有机器添加master域名映射，以下需要修改为自己的
echo "172.31.0.2  cluster-endpoint" >> /etc/hosts

#主节点初始化 master执行
kubeadm init \
--apiserver-advertise-address=172.31.0.2 \
--control-plane-endpoint=cluster-endpoint \
--image-repository registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/lfy_k8s_images \
--kubernetes-version v1.20.9 \
--service-cidr=10.96.0.0/16 \
--pod-network-cidr=192.168.0.0/16

安装成功后，出现以下提示，说明安装成功，将以下信息保存

Your Kubernetes control-plane has initialized successfully!

To start using your cluster, you need to run the following as a regular user:

  mkdir -p $HOME/.kube
  sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config
  sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config

Alternatively, if you are the root user, you can run:

  export KUBECONFIG=/etc/kubernetes/admin.conf

You should now deploy a pod network to the cluster.
Run "kubectl apply -f [podnetwork].yaml" with one of the options listed at:
  https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/addons/

You can now join any number of control-plane nodes by copying certificate authorities
and service account keys on each node and then running the following as root:

  kubeadm join cluster-endpoint:6443 --token hums8f.vyx71prsg74ofce7 \
    --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:a394d059dd51d68bb007a532a037d0a477131480ae95f75840c461e85e2c6ae3 \
    --control-plane 

Then you can join any number of worker nodes by running the following on each as root:

kubeadm join cluster-endpoint:6443 --token hums8f.vyx71prsg74ofce7 \
    --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:a394d059dd51d68bb007a532a037d0a477131480ae95f75840c461e85e2c6ae3

按步骤操作

1.第一步

 mkdir -p $HOME/.kube
 sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config
 sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config

2.此时主节点需要安装网络插件

# master安装calico插件
 curl https://docs.projectcalico.org/manifests/calico.yaml -O
 
 kubectl apply -f calico.yaml

3.加入Node节点

# 根据你刚刚生成的,在node机器上执行,
kubeadm join cluster-endpoint:6443 --token hums8f.vyx71prsg74ofce7 \
    --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:a394d059dd51d68bb007a532a037d0a477131480ae95f75840c461e85e2c6ae3

4.验证集群是够开通成功

● 验证集群节点状态
  ○ kubectl get nodes
  
  能看到 master和两台节点都是就绪状态说明集群安装成功

2.3 安装k8s dashboard

1.可以访问外网的情况下

kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kubernetes/dashboard/v2.3.1/aio/deploy/recommended.yaml

2.无法访问外网

vi dashboard.yaml

kubectl apply -f dashboard.yaml

将以下内容复制到dashboard.yaml

# Copyright 2017 The Kubernetes Authors.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.

apiVersion: v1
kind: Namespace
metadata:
  name: kubernetes-dashboard

---

apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
  labels:
    k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
  name: kubernetes-dashboard
  namespace: kubernetes-dashboard

---

kind: Service
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
  labels:
    k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
  name: kubernetes-dashboard
  namespace: kubernetes-dashboard
spec:
  ports:
    - port: 443
      targetPort: 8443
  selector:
    k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard

---

apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
  labels:
    k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
  name: kubernetes-dashboard-certs
  namespace: kubernetes-dashboard
type: Opaque

---

apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
  labels:
    k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
  name: kubernetes-dashboard-csrf
  namespace: kubernetes-dashboard
type: Opaque
data:
  csrf: ""

---

apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
  labels:
    k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
  name: kubernetes-dashboard-key-holder
  namespace: kubernetes-dashboard
type: Opaque

---

kind: ConfigMap
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
  labels:
    k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
  name: kubernetes-dashboard-settings
  namespace: kubernetes-dashboard

---

kind: Role
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
  labels:
    k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
  name: kubernetes-dashboard
  namespace: kubernetes-dashboard
rules:
  # Allow Dashboard to get, update and delete Dashboard exclusive secrets.
  - apiGroups: [""]
    resources: ["secrets"]
    resourceNames: ["kubernetes-dashboard-key-holder", "kubernetes-dashboard-certs", "kubernetes-dashboard-csrf"]
    verbs: ["get", "update", "delete"]
    # Allow Dashboard to get and update 'kubernetes-dashboard-settings' config map.
  - apiGroups: [""]
    resources: ["configmaps"]
    resourceNames: ["kubernetes-dashboard-settings"]
    verbs: ["get", "update"]
    # Allow Dashboard to get metrics.
  - apiGroups: [""]
    resources: ["services"]
    resourceNames: ["heapster", "dashboard-metrics-scraper"]
    verbs: ["proxy"]
  - apiGroups: [""]
    resources: ["services/proxy"]
    resourceNames: ["heapster", "http:heapster:", "https:heapster:", "dashboard-metrics-scraper", "http:dashboard-metrics-scraper"]
    verbs: ["get"]

---

kind: ClusterRole
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
  labels:
    k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
  name: kubernetes-dashboard
rules:
  # Allow Metrics Scraper to get metrics from the Metrics server
  - apiGroups: ["metrics.k8s.io"]
    resources: ["pods", "nodes"]
    verbs: ["get", "list", "watch"]

---

apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: RoleBinding
metadata:
  labels:
    k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
  name: kubernetes-dashboard
  namespace: kubernetes-dashboard
roleRef:
  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
  kind: Role
  name: kubernetes-dashboard
subjects:
  - kind: ServiceAccount
    name: kubernetes-dashboard
    namespace: kubernetes-dashboard

---

apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
metadata:
  name: kubernetes-dashboard
roleRef:
  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
  kind: ClusterRole
  name: kubernetes-dashboard
subjects:
  - kind: ServiceAccount
    name: kubernetes-dashboard
    namespace: kubernetes-dashboard

---

kind: Deployment
apiVersion: apps/v1
metadata:
  labels:
    k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
  name: kubernetes-dashboard
  namespace: kubernetes-dashboard
spec:
  replicas: 1
  revisionHistoryLimit: 10
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
    spec:
      containers:
        - name: kubernetes-dashboard
          image: kubernetesui/dashboard:v2.3.1
          imagePullPolicy: Always
          ports:
            - containerPort: 8443
              protocol: TCP
          args:
            - --auto-generate-certificates
            - --namespace=kubernetes-dashboard
            # Uncomment the following line to manually specify Kubernetes API server Host
            # If not specified, Dashboard will attempt to auto discover the API server and connect
            # to it. Uncomment only if the default does not work.
            # - --apiserver-host=http://my-address:port
          volumeMounts:
            - name: kubernetes-dashboard-certs
              mountPath: /certs
              # Create on-disk volume to store exec logs
            - mountPath: /tmp
              name: tmp-volume
          livenessProbe:
            httpGet:
              scheme: HTTPS
              path: /
              port: 8443
            initialDelaySeconds: 30
            timeoutSeconds: 30
          securityContext:
            allowPrivilegeEscalation: false
            readOnlyRootFilesystem: true
            runAsUser: 1001
            runAsGroup: 2001
      volumes:
        - name: kubernetes-dashboard-certs
          secret:
            secretName: kubernetes-dashboard-certs
        - name: tmp-volume
          emptyDir: {}
      serviceAccountName: kubernetes-dashboard
      nodeSelector:
        "kubernetes.io/os": linux
      # Comment the following tolerations if Dashboard must not be deployed on master
      tolerations:
        - key: node-role.kubernetes.io/master
          effect: NoSchedule

---

kind: Service
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
  labels:
    k8s-app: dashboard-metrics-scraper
  name: dashboard-metrics-scraper
  namespace: kubernetes-dashboard
spec:
  ports:
    - port: 8000
      targetPort: 8000
  selector:
    k8s-app: dashboard-metrics-scraper

---

kind: Deployment
apiVersion: apps/v1
metadata:
  labels:
    k8s-app: dashboard-metrics-scraper
  name: dashboard-metrics-scraper
  namespace: kubernetes-dashboard
spec:
  replicas: 1
  revisionHistoryLimit: 10
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      k8s-app: dashboard-metrics-scraper
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        k8s-app: dashboard-metrics-scraper
      annotations:
        seccomp.security.alpha.kubernetes.io/pod: 'runtime/default'
    spec:
      containers:
        - name: dashboard-metrics-scraper
          image: kubernetesui/metrics-scraper:v1.0.6
          ports:
            - containerPort: 8000
              protocol: TCP
          livenessProbe:
            httpGet:
              scheme: HTTP
              path: /
              port: 8000
            initialDelaySeconds: 30
            timeoutSeconds: 30
          volumeMounts:
          - mountPath: /tmp
            name: tmp-volume
          securityContext:
            allowPrivilegeEscalation: false
            readOnlyRootFilesystem: true
            runAsUser: 1001
            runAsGroup: 2001
      serviceAccountName: kubernetes-dashboard
      nodeSelector:
        "kubernetes.io/os": linux
      # Comment the following tolerations if Dashboard must not be deployed on master
      tolerations:
        - key: node-role.kubernetes.io/master
          effect: NoSchedule
      volumes:
        - name: tmp-volume
          emptyDir: {}

2. 设置访问端口(master)

1. 设置访问端口
kubectl edit svc kubernetes-dashboard -n kubernetes-dashboard
   type: ClusterIP 改为 type: NodePort

2. 找到端口，在安全组放行
kubectl get svc -A |grep kubernetes-dashboard

访问： https://集群任意IP:端口    https://139.198.165.238:32759

3.创建访问账号

#创建访问账号，准备一个yaml文件； vi dash.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
  name: admin-user
  namespace: kubernetes-dashboard
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
metadata:
  name: admin-user
roleRef:
  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
  kind: ClusterRole
  name: cluster-admin
subjects:
- kind: ServiceAccount
  name: admin-user
  namespace: kubernetes-dashboard
  
  #执行 kubectl apply -f dash.yaml

4.获取令牌

#获取访问令牌
kubectl -n kubernetes-dashboard get secret $(kubectl -n kubernetes-dashboard get sa/admin-user -o jsonpath="{.secrets[0].name}") -o go-template="{{.data.token | base64decode}}"

# Token令牌
eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6IkVWTVk4eFRUc0kwVmZKUVdwMTE4WVF6NVNmVnlPUHB3aF9qeFBabnhZOHMifQ.eyJpc3MiOiJrdWJlcm5ldGVzL3NlcnZpY2VhY2NvdW50Iiwia3ViZXJuZXRlcy5pby9zZXJ2aWNlYWNjb3VudC9uYW1lc3BhY2UiOiJrdWJlcm5ldGVzLWRhc2hib2FyZCIsImt1YmVybmV0ZXMuaW8vc2VydmljZWFjY291bnQvc2VjcmV0Lm5hbWUiOiJhZG1pbi11c2VyLXRva2VuLWY0a2o4Iiwia3ViZXJuZXRlcy5pby9zZXJ2aWNlYWNjb3VudC9zZXJ2aWNlLWFjY291bnQubmFtZSI6ImFkbWluLXVzZXIiLCJrdWJlcm5ldGVzLmlvL3NlcnZpY2VhY2NvdW50L3NlcnZpY2UtYWNjb3VudC51aWQiOiJhMDZkMDBmZC1jYTYwLTQzMGUtOTdmOC1hMzI2YzQzY2Y4N2UiLCJzdWIiOiJzeXN0ZW06c2VydmljZWFjY291bnQ6a3ViZXJuZXRlcy1kYXNoYm9hcmQ6YWRtaW4tdXNlciJ9.LpXGYpyNYqN0uj3hXRYhQ6E68_wCrkvhczUJGvUrgDaEo4mds82bliMU2PaeiFUXYeJMovTMU8djbt3Mlzx2hJYK3YmzTIKKy-v-629PwgcWKy8zNxODezQVS6HqJG8hFW9OCrgKq8g1cNiX0mZUs2KWEQuzdwpPQ6u9l2yp7zs3chFXNB-h4QlmvgMvZyjt7wqsrf9sRUMQvipbezgLvFbs0k7LsMu5KP0ZaSnMpHN47SwmsR7n_BcwQ7lEKJqmU056ZgikzElyJVyJ5cIcNeR8hNivJBHj4KNzGr2DvDB7RzOMUQ-iL-4c1AP8PiNzcO3_oej03NyaucZSmBVQiA

5.登录dashboard

dashboard

3.基本的k8s命令

# k8s 基本命令 向k8s发送指令是通过kubectl发送

kubectl get nodes // 获取所以的节点

kubectl get pods -A // 获取所以的pod

kubectl get pod -owide // 查看pod的详细信息

kubectl apply -f xxx.yaml // 应用

kubectl get ns // 获取所以的名称空间

kubectl create ns xxx // 创建名称空间

kubectl delete ns xxx // 删除名称空间

kubectl describe pod mynginx // 描述k8s怎么创建pod

kubectl run pod名字 --image=容器 // 创建pod 

kubectl delete pod pod名字 可选 -n 名称空间// 删除pod

kubectl logs pod名称 // 查看pod启动日志

kubectl create deployment my-dep --image=nginx -n 名称空间（默认是default）--replicas=3 部署的副本数

# 进入pod控制台
kubectl exec -it pod-name -- /bin/bash