TEM和CWEM的优缺点

原作者：Milsom

来源：Field Geophysics, Section 8.3.3 P146

CWEM and TEM methods are theoretically equivalent but have different
advantages and disadvantages because the principal sources of noise are
quite different.

CWEM和TEM方法在理论上是等价的，但由于主要噪声源的不同，其优缺点各不相同。

Because noise in CWEM surveys arises mainly from variations in the cou-
pling between transmitter and receiver coils, the separations and the relative
orientations of the coils must either be kept constant or, if this is not possible,
must be very accurately measured. 

由于CWEM测量中的噪声主要来自于发射端和接收端线圈耦合度的变化，因此，线圈距离和相对方向必须保持恒定。如果不能做到恒定，就必须非常精确地测量这俩参数。

The receiver circuitry must also be very
precisely stabilized, but even so it is difficult to ensure that the initial 100%
(for the in-phase channel) and 0% (for the quadrature channel) levels do not
drift significantly during the course of the day.

接收电路也必须非常精确地稳定，但即使这样，也很难确保初始的100%(同相信道)和0%(正交信道)电平在一天中不发生显著漂移。

Because all these possible
sources of noise are associated with the primary field, their effects cannot be
reduced merely by increasing transmitter power.

由于所有这些可能的噪声源都和一次场有关，因此不能仅仅通过增加发射机功率来降低它们的影响。

On the other hand, in TEM surveys the secondary fields due to ground conductors are measured at times when no primary field exists, and coupling noise is therefore negligible.

另一方面，在瞬变电磁法测量中，在没有一次场存在的情况下测量由地导体引起的二次场，因此耦合噪声可以忽略不计。

The very sharp termination of transmitter current provides a timing reference that
is inherently easier to use than the rather poorly defined maxima or zero-
crossings of a sinusoidal wave, and the crystal-controlled timing circuits drift
very little.

发射电流切断的非常尖锐，从而提供了一个定时参考，这本身就比正弦波情形的最大值或零点值更容易使用，因为那些都很难定义，而且晶体控制的定时电路漂移很小。

The most important sources of noise in TEM surveys are external natural
and artificial field variations. 

瞬变电磁法测量中最重要的噪声源是外界的天然和人工电磁场变化。

The effect of these can be reduced by increas-
ing the strength of the primary field and by N-fold repetition to achieve a
√ N improvement in signal-to-noise ratio (Section 1.3.6).

这些影响可以通过增加一次场的强度和N倍叠加重复来降低，以实现√N的信噪比提高(章节1.3.6)。

There are, however, practical limits to these methods of noise reduction. 

然而，这些降噪方法有实际的限制。

Transmitter loop  magnetic moments depend on current strengths and loop areas, neither of which can be increased indefinitely.

发射机回路磁矩与电流强度和回路面积有关，两者都不能无限增大。

Safety and generator power, in particular, set fairly tight limits on usable current magnitudes. 

特别是安全和发电机功率，对可用电流的大小设定了相当严格的限制。

The large loops that are necessary for deep penetration are inevitably difficult to use and can be moved only slowly.

为了更深的穿透率，就使用大环线回路，这很不方便使用，且只能缓慢移动。

 Multiple repetitions are not a problem in shallow work,
where virtually all the useful information is contained in the first few mil-
liseconds of the decay curve, but can be time consuming in deep work, where
measurements have to be extended to time delays of as much as half a second.

在浅层勘探中，多次重复不是问题，因为几乎所有有用的信息都包含在衰减曲线的前几毫秒内，但在深部勘探中，测量需要延长到半秒的时间延迟，这可能会耗费时间。

Moreover, repetition rates must be adjusted so that power-line noise (which is
systematic) is cancelled and not enhanced, and the number of repetitions must
be adequate for this purpose.

此外，重复频率必须调整，以消除电力线噪声(系统噪声)，而不是增强，重复的次数必须足够达到这一目的。

It may take more than 10 minutes to obtain satisfactory data at a single point when sounding to depths of more than 100 m (this does, of course, compare very favourably with the time needed to obtain soundings to similar depths with Wenner or Schlumberger arrays).

当探测深度超过100米时，可能需要超过10分钟的时间才能在单点获得符合要求的数据(当然，这与使用Wenner或斯伦贝谢阵列进行类似深度的探测所需的时间相比是非常有利的)。

In Slingram CWEM systems, resolution is determined by the spacing
between the transmitter and receiver coils. Because the two coils can be
superimposed in a TEM survey, the resolving power can be very high.

在Slingram CWEM系统中，分辨率是由发射机和接收机线圈之间的间距决定的。由于在TEM测量中两个线圈可以叠加，因此分辨能力可以非常高。

 TEM is thus much more suitable than CWEM for precise location of very small
targets. Most modern metal detectors, including ‘super metal detectors’ such
as the Geonics EM-63, which was designed specifically to detect unexploded
ordnance (UXO) at depths of a few metres, use TEM principles.

因此，TEM比CWEM更适合于非常小的目标的精确定位。大多数现代金属探测器，包括“超级金属探测器”，如Geonics EM-63，专门用于探测几米深的未爆炸弹药(UXO)，使用TEM原理。

译者总结：频率域偶极方法的噪声主要来源于收发线圈耦合，只要固定参数并改进仪器设计，是不是就可以很明显的降噪，而且测量快，功率不用太大。时间域方法噪声主要来源于外部，可通过提高功率和多次叠加来降噪，但这势必造成高功耗和耗时。由于分辨率取决于收发线圈距离，因此共线圈的时间域方法分辨率更高。

疑问：频率域没有共线圈的吗，测浅部UXO之类的到底是频率还是时间域好（从仪器角度）。