如何编写自定义 django 中间件

django 中间件

中间件是 Django 请求/响应处理的钩子框架。它是一个轻量级的、低级的“插件”系统，用于全局改变 Django 的输入或输出。

• call(self, request)， response = self.get_response(request）获得的是此次要响应给客户端的响应，前后的代码，在客户端，发起请求后，接收到响应前各执行一次。

1. 在 response = self.get_response(request)之前的代码段将在客户端，发起请求后，路由匹配前执行。
2. 在response = self.get_response(request)之后的代码段将在向客户端响应请求前执行

• process_view(request, view_func, *view_args, **view_kwargs)，在url匹配后视图函数处理前调用，如果return None, 那么，调用完后执行url匹配后的视图函数
• def process_exception(request, exception, *args)，视图函数执行失败执行此函数

创建工程和应用

• django-admin startproject mySite
• python manage.py startapp frequencylimit
• python mange.py startapp index
• 在 frequencylimit 下新建 frequencylimitmiddleware.py

在 frequencylimit / frequencylimitmiddleware.py 下编写中间件类

from django.http import HttpResponse

# Create your views here.

class SimpleMiddleware:
    def __init__(self, get_response):
        self.get_response = get_response
        # One-time configuration and initialization.
        print("中间件初始化，__init__")

    def __call__(self, request):
        # Code to be executed for each request before
        # the view (and later middleware) are called.
        print("经过下一个中间件之前,__call__")

        # 获得 process_view 返回的response 或 视图返回response
        response = self.get_response(request)

        # Code to be executed for each request/response after
        # the view is called.
        print("request.META['REMOTE_ADDR']", request.META["REMOTE_ADDR"])

        print("访问完视图，__call__")
        # print(response.__dict__)
        # content = response.__dict__['_container'][0].decode(encoding="utf8")
        # print("content:",content)
        return response

    # 如果return None,就访问视图 view_func（请求对应的后台处理程序）
    # 如果return HttpResope对象，那么就不会执行后台相应的程序
    def process_view(request, view_func, *view_args, **view_kwargs):
        print("访问视图前：process_view")
        # return HttpResponse("你还没访问到视图") 

    def process_exception(request, exception, *args):
        print("服务器出错了....",*args)
        return HttpResponse("服务器出错了....%")

在index / view.py 编写视图

from django.http import HttpResponse
from django.shortcuts import render

# Create your views here.
def index(request):
    print("执行 index_views")
    raise KeyError
    return render(request, "index.html", {"content": "ok"})

配置路由

from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path

from index.views import index

urlpatterns = [
    path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
    path("index/", index),
]

设置 settings

INSTALLED_APPS = [
    'django.contrib.admin',
    'django.contrib.auth',
    'django.contrib.contenttypes',
    'django.contrib.sessions',
    'django.contrib.messages',
    'django.contrib.staticfiles',
    # 注册应用
    'index',
    'frequencylimit',
]

MIDDLEWARE = [
	# 自定义的中间件
	# 放在最上面,客户端的访问requst,按顺序从前往后经过中件间的检查，最后访问后台得到response，
	# reponse按顺序从后往前过中件间的审视最后响应给客户端
    "frequencylimit.frequencylimitmiddleware.SimpleMiddleware",
    'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware',
]

执行结果

System check identified no issues (0 silenced).
March 07, 2019 - 10:22:17
Django version 2.1.7, using settings 'webSite.settings'
Starting development server at http://127.0.0.1:8000/
Quit the server with CTRL-BREAK.
中间件初始化，__init__
经过下一个中间件之前,__call__
访问视图前：process_view
执行 index_views
服务器出错了....
访问完视图，__call__
[07/Mar/2019 10:22:24] "GET /index/ HTTP/1.1" 200 23