修复文件系统



1.环境描述：
    在Linux系统中，非正常关机，突然断电，设备数据读写异常等原因导致文件系统的破坏。比较常见的是超级块（supper-block）损坏。
2.名词解释：
    超级块--文件系统的核心“档案”，它记录了该文件系统的类型，大小，空闲磁盘块等信息，类似Windows的分区表。
[root@zjz ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0xb0427ca8.
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
After that, of course, the previous content won't be recoverable.

Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite)

WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
         switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
         sectors (command 'u').

Command (m for help): n
Command action
   e   extended
   p   primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number (1-4): 1
First cylinder (1-2610, default 1):
Using default value 1
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-2610, default 2610): +1G

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xb0427ca8

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1               1         132     1060258+  83  Linux

Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
[root@zjz ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1
mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
文件系统标签=
操作系统:Linux
块大小=4096 (log=2)
分块大小=4096 (log=2)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
66384 inodes, 265064 blocks
13253 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
第一个数据块=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=272629760
9 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
7376 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376

正在写入inode表: 完成                           
Creating journal (8192 blocks): 完成
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: 完成

This filesystem will be automatically checked every 38 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first.  Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
[root@zjz ~]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sdb1 bs=512 count=4          //破坏超级块
记录了4+0 的读入
记录了4+0 的写出
2048字节(2.0 kB)已复制，0.0172992 秒，118 kB/秒
[root@zjz ~]# mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt                  //进行挂载，提示失败
mount: you must specify the filesystem type
[root@zjz ~]# fsck -y -t ext4 /dev/sdb1                     //修复超级块
fsck from util-linux-ng 2.17.2
e2fsck 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
fsck.ext4: 超级块无效, trying backup blocks...
/dev/sdb1 was not cleanly unmounted, 强制检查.
第一步: 检查inode,块,和大小
第二步: 检查目录结构
第3步: 检查目录连接性
Pass 4: Checking reference counts
第5步: 检查簇概要信息

/dev/sdb1: ***** 文件系统已修改 *****
/dev/sdb1: 11/66384 files (0.0% non-contiguous), 12695/265064 blocks