linux 2440 LCD 应用程序编程

linux 2440 LCD 应用程序编程

一、Linux的帧缓冲设备

帧缓冲(framebuffer)是 Linux 为显示设备提供的一个接口,把显存抽象后的一种设备,他允许上层应用程序在图形模式下直接对显示缓冲区进行读写操作。这种操作是抽象的,统一的。用户不必关心物理显存的位置、换页机制等等具体细节。这些都是由Framebuffer 设备驱动来完成的。帧缓冲驱动的应用广泛,在 linux 的桌面系统中,Xwindow 服务器就是利用帧缓冲进行窗口的绘制。尤其是通过帧缓冲可显示汉字点阵,成为 Linux汉化的唯一可行方案。

帧缓冲设备对应的设备文件为/dev/fb*,如果系统有多个显示卡,Linux 下还可支持多个帧缓冲设备,最多可达 32 个,分别为/dev/fb0 到/dev/fb31,而/dev/fb 则为当前缺省的帧缓冲设备,通常指向/dev/fb0。当然在嵌入式系统中支持一个显示设备就够了。帧缓冲设备为标准字符设备,主设备号为29,次设备号则从0到31。分别对应/dev/fb0-/dev/fb31。

通过/dev/fb,应用程序的操作主要有这几种:

1.读/写(read/write)/dev/fb:相当于读/写屏幕缓冲区。例如用  cp /dev/fb0 tmp 命令可将当前屏幕的内容拷贝到一个文件中,而命令 cp tmp > /dev/fb0 则将图形文件tmp显示在屏幕上。

2.映射(map)操作:由于 Linux 工作在保护模式,每个应用程序都有自己的虚拟地址空间,在应用程序中是不能直接访问物理缓冲区地址的。为此,Linux 在文件操作 file_operations 结构中提供了mmap 函数,可将文件的内容映射到用户空间。对于帧缓冲设备,则可通过映射操作,可将屏幕缓冲区的物理地址映射到用户空间的一段虚拟地址中,之后用户就可以通过读写这段虚拟地址访问屏幕缓冲区,在屏幕上绘图了。

3.I/O控制:对于帧缓冲设备,对设备文件的 ioctl操作可读取/设置显示设备及屏幕的参数,如分辨率,显示颜色数,屏幕大小等等。ioctl 的操作是由底层的驱动程序来完成的。

在应用程序中,操作/dev/fb的一般步骤如下:

1.打开/dev/fb设备文件。

2.用 ioctrl 操作取得当前显示屏幕的参数,如屏幕分辨率,每个像素点的比特数。根据屏幕参数可计算屏幕缓冲区的大小。

3.将屏幕缓冲区映射到用户空间(mmep)。

4.映射后就可以直接读写屏幕缓冲区,进行绘图和图片显示了。

 典型程序段如下:

#include <linux/fb.h>

int main()

{  

 int fbfd = 0;

 struct fb_var_screeninfo vinfo;

 struct fb_fix_screeninfo finfo;

 long int screensize = 0;

/*打开设备文件*/

 fbfd = open("/dev/fb0", O_RDWR);

/*取得屏幕相关参数*/

 ioctl(fbfd, FBIOGET_FSCREENINFO, &finfo);  

 ioctl(fbfd, FBIOGET_VSCREENINFO, &vinfo);

/*计算屏幕缓冲区大小*/

 screensize = vinfo.xres * vinfo.yres * vinfo.bits_per_pixel / 8;

/*映射屏幕缓冲区到用户地址空间*/

fbp=(char*)mmap(0,screensize,PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE,MAP_SHARED, fbfd, 0);

/*下面可通过 fbp指针读写缓冲区*/

……

/*释放缓冲区,关闭设备*/

munmap(fbp, screensize);

close(fbfd);

}

二、ioctl操作

ioctl(fbfd, FBIOGET_FSCREENINFO, &finfo)

获取fb_var_screeninfo结构的信息,在linux/include/linux/fb.h定义。

ioctl(fbfd, FBIOGET_VSCREENINFO, &vinfo)

获取fb_fix_screeninfon结构的信息。在linux/include/linux/fb.h定义。

fbfd为设备文件号。

三.mmap函数

功能描述:

mmap函数是unix/linux下的系统调用

mmap将一个文件或者其它对象映射进内存。文件被映射到多个页上,如果文件的大小不是所有页的大小之和,最后一个页不被使用的空间将会清零。munmap执行相反的操作,删除特定地址区域的对象映射。

基于文件的映射,在mmap和munmap执行过程的任何时刻,被映射文件的st_atime可能被更新。如果st_atime字段在前述的情况下没有得到更新,首次对映射区的第一个页索引时会更新该字段的值。用PROT_WRITE 和 MAP_SHARED标志建立起来的文件映射,其st_ctime 和 st_mtime

在对映射区写入之后,但在msync()通过MS_SYNC 和 MS_ASYNC两个标志调用之前会被更新。

用法:

#include <sys/mman.h>

void *mmap(void *start, size_t length, int prot, int flags,

int fd, off_t offset);

int munmap(void *start, size_t length);

参数:

start:映射区的开始地址。

length:映射区的长度。

prot:期望的内存保护标志,不能与文件的打开模式冲突。是以下的某个值,可以通过or运算合理地组合在一起

PROT_EXEC //页内容可以被执行

PROT_READ //页内容可以被读取

PROT_WRITE //页可以被写入

PROT_NONE //页不可访问

flags:指定映射对象的类型,映射选项和映射页是否可以共享。它的值可以是一个或者多个以下位的组合体

MAP_FIXED //使用指定的映射起始地址,如果由start和len参数指定的内存区重叠于现存的映射空间,重叠部分将会被丢弃。如果指定的起始地址不可用,操作将会失败。并且起始地址必须落在页的边界上。

MAP_SHARED //与其它所有映射这个对象的进程共享映射空间。对共享区的写入,相当于输出到文件。直到msync()或者munmap()被调用,文件实际上不会被更新。

MAP_PRIVATE //建立一个写入时拷贝的私有映射。内存区域的写入不会影响到原文件。这个标志和以上标志是互斥的,只能使用其中一个。

MAP_DENYWRITE //这个标志被忽略。

MAP_EXECUTABLE //同上

MAP_NORESERVE //不要为这个映射保留交换空间。当交换空间被保留,对映射区修改的可能会得到保证。当交换空间不被保留,同时内存不足,对映射区的修改会引起段违例信号。

MAP_LOCKED //锁定映射区的页面,从而防止页面被交换出内存。

MAP_GROWSDOWN //用于堆栈,告诉内核VM系统,映射区可以向下扩展。

MAP_ANONYMOUS //匿名映射,映射区不与任何文件关联。

MAP_ANON //MAP_ANONYMOUS的别称,不再被使用。

MAP_FILE //兼容标志,被忽略。

MAP_32BIT //将映射区放在进程地址空间的低2GB,MAP_FIXED指定时会被忽略。当前这个标志只在x86-64平台上得到支持。

MAP_POPULATE //为文件映射通过预读的方式准备好页表。随后对映射区的访问不会被页违例阻塞。

MAP_NONBLOCK //仅和MAP_POPULATE一起使用时才有意义。不执行预读,只为已存在于内存中的页面建立页表入口。

fd:有效的文件描述词。如果MAP_ANONYMOUS被设定,为了兼容问题,其值应为-1。

offset:被映射对象内容的起点。

返回说明:

成功执行时,mmap()返回被映射区的指针,munmap()返回0。失败时,mmap()返回MAP_FAILED[其值为(void *)-1],munmap返回-1。errno被设为以下的某个值

EACCES:访问出错

EAGAIN:文件已被锁定,或者太多的内存已被锁定

EBADF:fd不是有效的文件描述词

EINVAL:一个或者多个参数无效

ENFILE:已达到系统对打开文件的限制

ENODEV:指定文件所在的文件系统不支持内存映射

ENOMEM:内存不足,或者进程已超出最大内存映射数量

EPERM:权能不足,操作不允许

ETXTBSY:已写的方式打开文件,同时指定MAP_DENYWRITE标志

SIGSEGV:试着向只读区写入

SIGBUS:试着访问不属于进程的内存区

From: http://www.cnblogs.com/ganrui/

#include //包含头文件 #include //包含固有函数 #define uint unsigned int //定义一下方便使用 #define uchar unsigned char //定义一下方便使用 #define DATA P0 //LCD12864数据线 sbit RS=P2^2; // 数据\指令 D、I 选择 sbit RW=P2^1; // 读\写 选择 R、W sbit EN=P2^0; // 读\写使能 sbit cs1=P2^4; // 片选1 sbit cs2=P2^3; // 片选2 /********************************/ /* 定义图形字库 */ uchar code Hzk[]={ //左屏幕第1页 0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0x7F,0xBF,0x3F,0xBF,0x1F,0xBF,0x1F,0xBF,0x1F,0xBF,0x1F,0xBF, 0x1F,0xBF,0x1F,0xBF,0x1F,0xBF,0x1F,0xBF,0x1F,0xBF,0x1F,0xBF,0x1F,0xBF,0x1F,0xBF, 0x1F,0xBF,0x1F,0xBF,0x1F,0xBF,0x1F,0xBF,0x1F,0xBF,0x1F,0xBF,0x1F,0xBF,0x1F,0xBF, 0x1F,0xBF,0x1F,0xBF,0x1F,0xBF,0x1F,0xBF,0x1F,0xBF,0x1F,0xBF,0x1F,0xBF,0x1F,0xBF, //左屏幕第2页 0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xAB,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA, 0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA, 0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA, 0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA, //左屏幕第3页 0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0xE0,0xEA,0xE0,0xEA, 0xE0,0xEA,0xE0,0xEA,0xE0,0xEA,0xC0,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0xE0,0xEA,0xE0,0xEA,0xE0,0xEA, 0xE0,0xEA,0xE0,0xEA,0xE0,0xEA,0x80,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0xC0,0xEA,0xE0,0xEA, 0xE0,0xEA,0xE0,0xEA,0xC0,0xEA,0x80,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0xE0,0xEA,0xE0,0xEA,0xE0,0xEA, //左屏幕第4页 0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF, 0x38,0xBA,0x38,0xBF,0x3F,0xBF,0x1F,0xAF,0x00,0xAA,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xBA, 0x78,0xFA,0xFD,0xFF,0xDF,0xBF,0x0F,0xAA,0x00,0xFE,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0x01,0xAA, 0x00,0xAA,0x01,0xEF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFE,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0xFF,0xFF, //左屏幕第5页 0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x0F,0xAF,0x0F,0xAF, 0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x0F,0xAF,0x0F,0xAF,0x0F,0xAA, 0x00,0xAA,0x03,0xAF,0x0F,0xAF,0x0F,0xAE,0x00,0xAA,0x01,0xAB,0x07,0xAF,0x0F,0xAE, 0x0E,0xAE,0x0F,0xAF,0x07,0xAF,0x03,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x0F,0xAF, //左屏幕第6页 0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xEA,0x80,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA, 0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA, 0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA, 0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA, //左屏幕第7页 0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE, 0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE, 0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE, 0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE, //左屏幕第8页 0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F, 0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F, 0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F, 0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F, //右屏幕第1页 0x1F,0xBF,0x1F,0xBF,0x1F,0xBF,0x1F,0xBF,0x1F,0xBF,0x1F,0xBF,0x1F,0xBF,0x1F,0xBF, 0x1F,0xBF,0x1F,0xBF,0x1F,0xBF,0x1F,0xBF,0x1F,0xBF,0x1F,0xBF,0x1F,0xBF,0x1F,0xBF, 0x1F,0xBF,0x1F,0xBF,0x1F,0xBF,0x1F,0xBF,0x1F,0xBF,0x1F,0xBF,0x1F,0xBF,0x1F,0xBF, 0x1F,0xBF,0x1F,0xBF,0x1F,0xBF,0x1F,0xBF,0x3F,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0x00, //右屏幕第2页 0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA, 0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA, 0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA, 0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x01,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0x00, //右屏幕第3页 0xE0,0xEA,0xE0,0xEA,0xE0,0xEA,0xE0,0xAA,0x00,0xEA,0xE0,0xEA,0xE0,0xEA,0xE0,0xEA, 0xE0,0xEA,0xE0,0xEA,0xE0,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0xE0,0xEA,0xE0,0xEA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA, 0x00,0xEA,0xE0,0xEA,0xE0,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x80,0xEA,0xC0,0xEA,0xE0,0xEA,0xE0,0xEA, 0xE0,0xEA,0x80,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0x00, //右屏幕第4页 0xFF,0xFF,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xBA,0x38,0xBA, 0x38,0xBA,0x38,0xBA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA, 0x00,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x8F,0xAF,0x9F,0xBF,0x3C,0xBE,0x38,0xFB, 0xFB,0xFB,0xF3,0xEB,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0x00, //右屏幕第5页 0x0F,0xAF,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAF,0x0F,0xAF,0x0F,0xAE,0x0E,0xAE, 0x0E,0xAE,0x0E,0xAE,0x0E,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x03,0xAF,0x07,0xAF,0x0F,0xAE,0x0E,0xAE, 0x0F,0xAF,0x07,0xAB,0x01,0xAA,0x00,0xAB,0x03,0xAF,0x07,0xAF,0x0E,0xAE,0x0E,0xAF, 0x0F,0xAF,0x07,0xAB,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0x00, //右屏幕第6页 0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA, 0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA, 0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA, 0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0x00,0xAA,0xE0,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0x00, //右屏幕第7页 0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE, 0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE, 0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE, 0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0x00, //右屏幕第8页 0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F, 0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F, 0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F, 0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x7F,0x00, }; /*状态检查,LCD是否忙*/ void CheckState() { uchar dat;//状态信息(判断是否忙) RS=0; // 数据\指令选择,D/I(RS)=“L” ,表示 DB7∽DB0 为显示指令数据 RW=1; //R/W=“H” ,E=“H”数据被读到DB7∽DB0 do{ DATA=0x00; EN=1; //EN下降源 _nop_(); //一个时钟延时 dat=DATA; EN=0; dat=dat>>7; //仅当第7位为0时才可操作(判别busy信号) }while(!(dat==0x00)); } /*写命令到LCD中*/ SendCommandToLCD(uchar com) { CheckState();//状态检查,LCD是否忙 RS=0; //向LCD发送命令。RS=0写指令,RS=1写数据 RW=0;//R/W=“L” ,E=“H→L”数据被写到 IR 或 DR DATA=com; //com :命令 EN=1;//EN下降源 _nop_(); _nop_(); EN=0; } /*设置页 0xb8是页的首地址*/ void SetLine(uchar page) { page=0xb8|page; //1011 1xxx 0<=page<=7 设定页地址--X 0-7,8行为一页64/8=8,共8页 SendCommandToLCD(page); } /*设定显示开始行,0xc0是行的首地址*/ void SetStartLine(uchar startline) { startline=0xc0|startline; //1100 0000 SendCommandToLCD(startline); //设置从哪行开始:0--63,一般从0 行开始显示 } /*设定列地址--Y 0-63 ,0x40是列的首地址*/ void SetColumn(uchar column) { column=column &0x3f; //column最大值为64,越出 0=<column<=63 column= 0x40|column; //01xx xxxx SendCommandToLCD(column); } /*开关显示,0x3f是开显示,0x3e是关显示*/ void SetOnOff(uchar onoff) { onoff=0x3e|onoff; //0011 111x,onoff只能为0或者1 SendCommandToLCD(onoff); } /*写显示数据 */ void WriteByte(uchar dat) { CheckState();//状态检查,LCD是否忙 RS=1; //RS=0写指令,RS=1写数据 RW=0;////R/W=“L” ,E=“H→L”数据被写到 IR 或 DR DATA=dat;//dat:显示数据 EN=1; //EN下降源 _nop_(); _nop_(); EN=0; } /*选择屏幕screen: 0-全屏,1-左屏,2-右屏*/ void SelectScreen(uchar screen) { switch(screen) { case 0: cs1=0;//全屏 _nop_(); _nop_(); _nop_(); cs2=0; _nop_(); _nop_(); _nop_(); break; case 1: cs1=0;//左屏 _nop_(); _nop_(); _nop_(); cs2=1; _nop_(); _nop_(); _nop_(); break; case 2: cs1=1;//右屏 _nop_(); _nop_(); _nop_(); cs2=0; _nop_(); _nop_(); _nop_(); break; } } /*清屏screen: 0-全屏,1-左屏,2-右*/ void ClearScreen(uchar screen) { uchar i,j; SelectScreen(screen); for(i=0;i<8;i++) //控制页数0-7,共8页 { SetLine(i); SetColumn(0); for(j=0;j<64;j++) //控制列数0-63,共64列 { WriteByte(0x00); //写点内容,列地址自动加1 } } } /*延时程序*/ void delay(uint z) { uint i,j; for(i=0; i<z; i++) for(j = 0; j < 110; j++); } /*向上滚屏*//*这里用做滚动显示*/ void lcd_rol() { uint i; for(i = 0; i < 64; i++) { cs1=0; // 片选1 SendCommandToLCD(0xc0+i); cs1=1; cs2=0;// 片选2 //SendCommandToLCD(0xc0+62-i); SendCommandToLCD(0xc0+i); cs2=1; // 片选2 delay(100);
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