Mounted File Systems or Logical Volumes
There are two ways to configure a new disk drive into a CentOS system. One very simple method is to create one or more Linux partitions on the new drive, create Linux file systems on those partitions and then mount them at specific mount points so that they can be accessed. This is the approach that will be covered in this chapter.
Another approach is to add the new space to an existing volume group or create a new volume group. When CentOS is installed using the default disk configuration layout, a volume group is created and called VolGroup00. Within this volume group are two logical volumes named LogVol00 and LogVol01 that are used to store the / file system and swap partition respectively. By configuring the new disk as part of a volume group we are able to increase the disk space available to the existing logical volumes. Using this approach we are able, therefore, to increase the size of the / file system by allocating some or all of the space on the new disk to LogVol00. This topic will be discussed in detail in Adding a New Disk to a CentOS Volume Group and Logical Volume.
Getting Started
This tutorial assumes that the new physical hard drive has been installed on the system and is visible to the operating system. The best way to do this is to enter the system BIOS during the boot process and ensuring that the BIOS sees the disk drive. Sometimes the BIOS will provide a menu option to scan for new drives. If the BIOS does not see the disk drive double check the connectors and jumper settings (if any) on the drive.
Finding the New Hard Drive in CentOS
Assuming the drive is visible to the BIOS it should automatically be detected by the operating system. Typically, the disk drives in a system are assigned device names beginning hd or sd followed by a letter to indicate the device number. For example, the first device might be /dev/sda, the second /dev/sdb and so on.
The following is output from a system with only one physical disk drive:
ls /dev/sd* /dev/hda /dev/hda1 /dev/hda2 /dev/hdc
This shows that the disk drive represented by /dev/hda is itself divided into 2 partitions, represented by /dev/hda1 and /dev/hda2. In this instance, /dev/hdc is the CDROM. In all likelihood, when a second disk drive is detected by the system it will be assigned to /dev/hdb.
Another option is to install and run the Hardware Browser. If this is already installed it may be launched by selecting Hardware from the System -> Administration menu. If this option is not available it may be installed as follows:
su - yum install hwbrowser
In the Hardware Browser scroll down the list of devices until the disk drives become visible. Select the new disk device and click on the Advanced tab to identify the device name. In the following figure the new hard disk has been assigned to /dev/hdb:
The following output is from the same system after a second hard disk drive has been installed:
ls /dev/hd* /dev/hda /dev/hda1 /dev/hda2 /dev/hdb /dev/hdc
As shown above, the new hard drive has been assigned to the device file /dev/hdb. At this point the drive has no partitions shown (because we have yet to create any).
At this point we have a choice of creating partitions and file systems on the new drive and mounting them for access or adding the disk as a physical volume as part of a volume group. To perform the former continue with this chapter, otherwise readAdding a New Disk to a CentOS Volume Group and Logical Volume for details on configuring Logical Volumes.
Creating Linux Partitions
The next step is to create one or more Linux partitions on the new disk drive. This is achieved using the fdisk utility which takes as a command-line argument the device to be partitioned:
fdisk /dev/hdb Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel Building a new DOS disklabel. Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them. After that, of course, the previous content won't be recoverable. The number of cylinders for this disk is set to 47536. There is nothing wrong with that, but this is larger than 1024, and could in certain setups cause problems with: 1) software that runs at boot time (e.g., old versions of LILO) 2) booting and partitioning software from other OSs (e.g., DOS FDISK, OS/2 FDISK) Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite) Command (m for help):
In order to view the current partitions on the disk enter the p command:
Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/hdb: 24.5 GB, 24533532672 bytes 16 heads, 63 sectors/track, 47536 cylinders Units = cylinders of 1008 * 512 = 516096 bytes Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
As we can see from the above fdisk output the disk currently has no partitions because it is a previously unused disk. The next step is to create a new partition on the disk, a task which is performed by entering n (for new partition) and p (for primary partition):
Command (m for help): n Command action e extended p primary partition (1-4) p Partition number (1-4):
In this example we only plan to create one partition which will be partition 1. Next we need to specify where the partition will begin and end. Since this is the first partition we need it to start at cylinder 1 and since we want to use the entire disk we specify the last cylinder as the end. Note that if you wish to create multiple partitions you can specify the size of each partition by cylinders, bytes, kilobytes or megabytes.
Partition number (1-4): 1 First cylinder (1-47536, default 1): Using default value 1 Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (1-47536, default 47536): Using default value 47536
Now that we have specified the partition we need to write it to the disk using the w command:
Command (m for help): w The partition table has been altered! Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. Syncing disks.
If we now look at the devices again we will see that the new partition is visible as /dev/hdb1:
ls /dev/hd* /dev/hda /dev/hda1 /dev/hda2 /dev/hdb /dev/hdb1 /dev/hdc
The new partition will similarly be visible in the Hardware browser. The next step is to create a file system on our new partition.
Creating a File System on a CentOS Disk Partition
We now have a new disk installed, it is visible to CentOS and we have configured a Linux partition on the disk. The next step is to create a Linux file system on the partition so that the operating system can use it to store files and data. The easiest way to create a file system on a partition is to use the mkfs.ext3 utility which takes as arguments the label and the partition device:
/sbin/mkfs.ext3 -L /userdata /dev/hdb1
mke2fs 1.39 (29-May-2006)
Filesystem label=/userdata
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
2998272 inodes, 5989528 blocks
299476 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=0
183 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
16384 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208,
4096000
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (32768 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
This filesystem will be automatically checked every 32 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
Mounting a File System
Now that we have created a new file system on the Linux partition of our new disk drive we need to mount it so that it is accessible to the CentOS system and its users. In order to do this we need to create a mount point. A mount point is simply a directory or folder into which the file system will be mounted. For the purposes of this example we will create a /userdata directory to match our file system label (although it is not necessary that these values match):
mkdir /userdata
The file system may then be manually mounted using the mount command:
mount /dev/hdb1 /userdata
Running the mount command with no arguments shows us all currently mounted file systems (including our new file system):
mount /dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LogVol00 on / type ext3 (rw) proc on /proc type proc (rw) sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw) devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620) /dev/hda1 on /boot type ext3 (rw) tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw) none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw) sunrpc on /var/lib/nfs/rpc_pipefs type rpc_pipefs (rw) /dev/hdc on /media/CentOS_5.4_Final type iso9660 (ro,noexec,nosuid,nodev,uid=500) /dev/hdb1 on /userdata type ext3 (rw)
Configuring CentOS to Automatically Mount a File System
In order to set up the system so that the new file system is automatically mounted at boot time an entry needs to be added to the /etc/fstab file.
The following example shows an fstab file configured to automount our /userdata partition:
/dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00 / ext3 defaults 1 1 LABEL=/boot /boot ext3 defaults 1 2 tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0 devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0 sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0 proc /proc proc defaults 0 0 /dev/VolGroup00/LogVol01 swap swap defaults 0 0 LABEL=/userdata /userdata ext3 defaults 1 2
With the appropriate configuration line added to the fstab file, the file system will automatically mount on the next system restart.
There is nothing wrong with that, but this is larger than 1024,
and could in certain setups cause problems with:
1) software that runs at boot time (e.g., old versions of LILO)
2) booting and partitioning software from other OSs
(e.g., DOS FDISK, OS/2 FDISK)
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (1-19457, default 19457) 分区大小 输入你想要分区的大小。
/dev/sdb2: Invalid argument passed to ext2 library while setting up superblock （今天我也犯了这个错误
） ，主要原因是把扩展分区和逻辑分区的概念搞错了，硬盘分区组成是：主分区和扩展分区。扩展分区可以分成多个逻辑分区， 所以要把扩展分区分成逻辑分区才可以使用。
l logical (5 or over)
p primary partition (1-4)
Step #1 : Partition the new disk using fdisk command
Following command will list all detected hard disks:
# fdisk -l | grep '^Disk'
Output:
Disk /dev/sda: 251.0 GB, 251000193024 bytes Disk /dev/sdb: 251.0 GB, 251000193024 bytes
A device name refers to the entire hard disk. For more information see Linux partition naming convention and IDE drive mappings.
To partition the disk - /dev/sdb, enter:
# fdisk /dev/sdb
The basic fdisk commands you need are:
- m - print help
- p - print the partition table
- n - create a new partition
- d - delete a partition
- q - quit without saving changes
- w - write the new partition table and exit
Step#2 : Format the new disk using mkfs.ext3 command
To format Linux partitions using ext2fs on the new disk:
# mkfs.ext3 /dev/sdb1
Step#3 : Mount the new disk using mount command
First create a mount point /disk1 and use mount command to mount /dev/sdb1, enter:
# mkdir /disk1
# mount /dev/sdb1 /disk1
# df -H
Step#4 : Update /etc/fstab file
Open /etc/fstab file, enter:
# vi /etc/fstab
Append as follows:
/dev/sdb1 /disk1 ext3 defaults 1 2
Save and close the file.
Task: Label the partition
You can label the partition using e2label. For example, if you want to label the new partition /backup, enter
# e2label /dev/sdb1 /backup
You can use label name insted of partition name to mount disk using /etc/fstab:
LABEL=/backup /disk1 ext3 defaults 1 2
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