MySQL多表联合查询

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最新推荐文章于 2024-09-29 17:50:02 发布

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分类专栏： MySQL Linux 文章标签： mysql 数据库

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本文深入介绍了MySQL中的多表查询，包括交叉连接、内连接（INNER JOIN）、外连接（左连接LEFT JOIN和右连接RIGHT JOIN）的使用方法，以及如何结合GROUP BY进行数据分组和聚合函数的应用。此外，还探讨了子查询在多表查询中的作用，展示了不同查询场景的实例。

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MySQL多表联合查询

文章目录

MySQL多表联合查询

1. 什么是多表联合查询

一般查询语句都是针对一个表的，但是在关系型数据库中，表与表之间是有联系的，所以在实际应用中，经常使用多表查询。多表查询就是同时查询两个或两个以上的表
在 MySQL 中，多表查询主要有交叉连接、内连接、外连接、分组查询与子查询等5种

2. 交叉连接

交叉连接(CROSS JOIN)：有两种，显式的和隐式的2种，一般用来返回连接表的笛卡尔积。
笛卡尔积（Cartesian product）是指两个集合 X 和 Y 的乘积

多个表交叉连接时，在 FROM 后表之间连续使用 CROSS JOIN 或逗号即可，两种语法的返回结果是相同的

表的数量较多时，交叉连接会非常非常慢。一般情况下不建议使用交叉连接
在 MySQL 中，多表查询一般使用内连接和外连接，它们的效率要高于交叉连接

使用 CROSS JOIN 查询出两张表中的笛卡尔积:

mysql> create database school;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> 
mysql> use school
Database changed
mysql> create table tb_students_info(id int not null primary key auto_increment,name varchar(30),age tinyint,sex varchar(6),height int,course_id int);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
mysql>
mysql> insert tb_students_info(name,age,sex,height,course_id) values('Dany',25,'M',160,1),('Green',23,'M',158,2),('Henry',23,'F',185,1),('Jane',22,'M',162,3),('Jim',24,'F',175,2),('John',21,'F',172,4),,('Lily',22,'M',165,4),('Susan',23,'M',170,5),('Thomas',22,'F',178,5),('Tom',23,'F',165,5);
Query OK, 10 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 10  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
mysql> select * from tb_students_info;
+----+--------+------+------+--------+-----------+
| id | name   | age  | sex  | height | course_id |
+----+--------+------+------+--------+-----------+
|  1 | Dany   |   25 | M    |    160 |         1 |
|  2 | Dany   |   25 | M    |    160 |         1 |
|  3 | Green  |   23 | M    |    158 |         2 |
|  4 | Henry  |   23 | F    |    185 |         1 |
|  5 | Jane   |   22 | M    |    162 |         3 |
|  6 | Jim    |   24 | F    |    175 |         2 |
|  7 | John   |   21 | F    |    172 |         4 |
|  8 | Lily   |   22 | M    |    165 |         4 |
|  9 | Susan  |   23 | M    |    170 |         5 |
| 10 | Thomas |   22 | F    |    178 |         5 |
| 11 | Tom    |   23 | F    |    165 |         5 |
+----+--------+------+------+--------+-----------+
11 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> create table tb_course(id int not null primary key auto_increment,course_name varchar(30));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> insert tb_course(course_name) values('Java'),('MySQL'),('Python'),('Go'),('C++');
Query OK, 5 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 5  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from tb_course;
+----+-------------+
| id | course_name |
+----+-------------+
|  1 | Java        |
|  2 | MySQL       |
|  3 | Python      |
|  4 | Go          |
|  5 | C++         |
+----+-------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * From tb_course cross join tb_students_info;
+----+-------------+----+--------+------+------+--------+-----------+
| id | course_name | id | name   | age  | sex  | height | course_id |
+----+-------------+----+--------+------+------+--------+-----------+
|  1 | Java        |  1 | Dany   |   25 | M    |    160 |         1 |
|  2 | MySQL       |  1 | Dany   |   25 | M    |    160 |         1 |
|  3 | Python      |  1 | Dany   |   25 | M    |    160 |         1 |
|  4 | Go          |  1 | Dany   |   25 | M    |    160 |         1 |
|  5 | C++         |  1 | Dany   |   25 | M    |    160 |         1 |
|  1 | Java        |  2 | Dany   |   25 | M    |    160 |         1 |
|  2 | MySQL       |  2 | Dany   |   25 | M    |    160 |         1 |
|  3 | Python      |  2 | Dany   |   25 | M    |    160 |         1 |
|  4 | Go          |  2 | Dany   |   25 | M    |    160 |         1 |
|  5 | C++         |  2 | Dany   |   25 | M    |    160 |         1 |
|  1 | Java        |  3 | Green  |   23 | M    |    158 |         2 |
|  2 | MySQL       |  3 | Green  |   23 | M    |    158 |         2 |
|  3 | Python      |  3 | Green  |   23 | M    |    158 |         2 |
|  4 | Go          |  3 | Green  |   23 | M    |    158 |         2 |
|  5 | C++         |  3 | Green  |   23 | M    |    158 |         2 |
|  1 | Java        |  4 | Henry  |   23 | F    |    185 |         1 |
|  2 | MySQL       |  4 | Henry  |   23 | F    |    185 |         1 |
|  3 | Python      |  4 | Henry  |   23 | F    |    185 |         1 |
|  4 | Go          |  4 | Henry  |   23 | F    |    185 |         1 |
|  5 | C++         |  4 | Henry  |   23 | F    |    185 |         1 |
|  1 | Java        |  5 | Jane   |   22 | M    |    162 |         3 |
|  2 | MySQL       |  5 | Jane   |   22 | M    |    162 |         3 |
|  3 | Python      |  5 | Jane   |   22 | M    |    162 |         3 |
|  4 | Go          |  5 | Jane   |   22 | M    |    162 |         3 |
|  5 | C++         |  5 | Jane   |   22 | M    |    162 |         3 |
|  1 | Java        |  6 | Jim    |   24 | F    |    175 |         2 |
|  2 | MySQL       |  6 | Jim    |   24 | F    |    175 |         2 |
|  3 | Python      |  6 | Jim    |   24 | F    |    175 |         2 |
|  4 | Go          |  6 | Jim    |   24 | F    |    175 |         2 |
|  5 | C++         |  6 | Jim    |   24 | F    |    175 |         2 |
|  1 | Java        |  7 | John   |   21 | F    |    172 |         4 |
|  2 | MySQL       |  7 | John   |   21 | F    |    172 |         4 |
|  3 | Python      |  7 | John   |   21 | F    |    172 |         4 |
|  4 | Go          |  7 | John   |   21 | F    |    172 |         4 |
|  5 | C++         |  7 | John   |   21 | F    |    172 |         4 |
|  1 | Java        |  8 | Lily   |   22 | M    |    165 |         4 |
|  2 | MySQL       |  8 | Lily   |   22 | M    |    165 |         4 |
|  3 | Python      |  8 | Lily   |   22 | M    |    165 |         4 |
|  4 | Go          |  8 | Lily   |   22 | M    |    165 |         4 |
|  5 | C++         |  8 | Lily   |   22 | M    |    165 |         4 |
|  1 | Java        |  9 | Susan  |   23 | M    |    170 |         5 |
|  2 | MySQL       |  9 | Susan  |   23 | M    |    170 |         5 |
|  3 | Python      |  9 | Susan  |   23 | M    |    170 |         5 |
|  4 | Go          |  9 | Susan  |   23 | M    |    170 |         5 |
|  5 | C++         |  9 | Susan  |   23 | M    |    170 |         5 |
|  1 | Java        | 10 | Thomas |   22 | F    |    178 |         5 |
|  2 | MySQL       | 10 | Thomas |   22 | F    |    178 |         5 |
|  3 | Python      | 10 | Thomas |   22 | F    |    178 |         5 |
|  4 | Go          | 10 | Thomas |   22 | F    |    178 |         5 |
|  5 | C++         | 10 | Thomas |   22 | F    |    178 |         5 |
|  1 | Java        | 11 | Tom    |   23 | F    |    165 |         5 |
|  2 | MySQL       | 11 | Tom    |   23 | F    |    165 |         5 |
|  3 | Python      | 11 | Tom    |   23 | F    |    165 |         5 |
|  4 | Go          | 11 | Tom    |   23 | F    |    165 |         5 |
|  5 | C++         | 11 | Tom    |   23 | F    |    165 |         5 |
+----+-------------+----+--------+------+------+--------+-----------+
55 rows in set (0.00 sec)

查询 tb_course 表中的 id 字段和 tb_students_info 表中的 course_id 字段相等的内容

mysql> select * from tb_course cross join tb_students_info
    -> where tb_students_info.course_id = tb_course.id;
+----+-------------+----+--------+------+------+--------+-----------+
| id | course_name | id | name   | age  | sex  | height | course_id |
+----+-------------+----+--------+------+------+--------+-----------+
|  1 | Java        |  1 | Dany   |   25 | M    |    160 |         1 |
|  1 | Java        |  2 | Dany   |   25 | M    |    160 |         1 |
|  2 | MySQL       |  3 | Green  |   23 | M    |    158 |         2 |
|  1 | Java        |  4 | Henry  |   23 | F    |    185 |         1 |
|  3 | Python      |  5 | Jane   |   22 | M    |    162 |         3 |
|  2 | MySQL       |  6 | Jim    |   24 | F    |    175 |         2 |
|  4 | Go          |  7 | John   |   21 | F    |    172 |         4 |
|  4 | Go          |  8 | Lily   |   22 | M    |    165 |         4 |
|  5 | C++         |  9 | Susan  |   23 | M    |    170 |         5 |
|  5 | C++         | 10 | Thomas |   22 | F    |    178 |         5 |
|  5 | C++         | 11 | Tom    |   23 | F    |    165 |         5 |
+----+-------------+----+--------+------+------+--------+-----------+
11 rows in set (0.00 sec)

3. 内连接

内连接（INNER JOIN）主要通过设置连接条件的方式，来移除查询结果中某些数据行的交叉连接。简单来说，就是利用条件表达式来消除交叉连接的某些数据行。

内连接使用 INNER JOIN 关键字连接两张表，并使用 ON 子句来设置连接条件。如果没有连接条件，INNER JOIN 和 CROSS JOIN 在语法上是等同的，两者可以互换。INNER JOIN 也可以使用 WHERE 子句指定连接条件

内连接中可以省略 INNER 关键字，只用关键字 JOIN

在 tb_students_info 表和 tb_course 表之间，使用内连接查询学生姓名和相对应的课程名称:

mysql> select s.name,c.course_name from tb_students_info s inner join tb_course c on s.course_id = c.id;
+--------+-------------+
| name   | course_name |
+--------+-------------+
| Dany   | Java        |
| Dany   | Java        |
| Green  | MySQL       |
| Henry  | Java        |
| Jane   | Python      |
| Jim    | MySQL       |
| John   | Go          |
| Lily   | Go          |
| Susan  | C++         |
| Thomas | C++         |
| Tom    | C++         |
+--------+-------------+
11 rows in set (0.00 sec)

4. 外连接

内连接的查询结果都是符合连接条件的记录，而外连接会先将连接的表分为基表和参考表，再以基表为依据返回满足和不满足条件的记录。

外连接可以分为左外连接和右外连接2种

4.1 左连接

左外连接又称为左连接，使用 LEFT OUTER JOIN 关键字连接两个表，并使用 ON 子句来设置连接条件

左连接中可以省略 OUTER 关键字，只使用关键字 LEFT JOIN

在 tb_students_info 表和 tb_course 表中查询所有学生姓名和相对应的课程名称，包括没有课程的学生:

mysql> insert tb_students_info(name,age,sex,height,course_id) values('LiMing',22,'M',180,7);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert tb_course(course_name) values('HTML');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from tb_course;
+----+-------------+
| id | course_name |
+----+-------------+
|  1 | Java        |
|  2 | MySQL       |
|  3 | Python      |
|  4 | Go          |
|  5 | C++         |
|  6 | HTML        |
+----+-------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> 
mysql> select * from tb_students_info;
+----+--------+------+------+--------+-----------+
| id | name   | age  | sex  | height | course_id |
+----+--------+------+------+--------+-----------+
|  1 | Dany   |   25 | M    |    160 |         1 |
|  2 | Dany   |   25 | M    |    160 |         1 |
|  3 | Green  |   23 | M    |    158 |         2 |
|  4 | Henry  |   23 | F    |    185 |         1 |
|  5 | Jane   |   22 | M    |    162 |         3 |
|  6 | Jim    |   24 | F    |    175 |         2 |
|  7 | John   |   21 | F    |    172 |         4 |
|  8 | Lily   |   22 | M    |    165 |         4 |
|  9 | Susan  |   23 | M    |    170 |         5 |
| 10 | Thomas |   22 | F    |    178 |         5 |
| 11 | Tom    |   23 | F    |    165 |         5 |
| 12 | LiMing |   22 | M    |    180 |         7 |
+----+--------+------+------+--------+-----------+
12 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select s.name,c.course_name from tb_students_info s left outer join tb_course c on s.course_id = c.id;
+--------+-------------+
| name   | course_name |
+--------+-------------+
| Dany   | Java        |
| Dany   | Java        |
| Green  | MySQL       |
| Henry  | Java        |
| Jane   | Python      |
| Jim    | MySQL       |
| John   | Go          |
| Lily   | Go          |
| Susan  | C++         |
| Thomas | C++         |
| Tom    | C++         |
| LiMing | NULL        |
+--------+-------------+
12 rows in set (0.00 sec)

4.2 右连接

右外连接又称为右连接，右连接是左连接的反向连接。使用 RIGHT OUTER JOIN 关键字连接两个表，并使用 ON 子句来设置连接条件

在 tb_students_info 表和 tb_course 表中查询所有课程，包括没有学生的课程:

mysql> select s.name,c.course_name from tb_students_info s right outer join tb_course c on s.course_iid = c.id;
+--------+-------------+
| name   | course_name |
+--------+-------------+
| Dany   | Java        |
| Green  | MySQL       |
| Henry  | Java        |
| Jane   | Python      |
| Jim    | MySQL       |
| John   | Go          |
| Lily   | Go          |
| Susan  | C++         |
| Thomas | C++         |
| Tom    | C++         |
| NULL   | HTML        |
+--------+-------------+
11 rows in set (0.00 sec)

5. 分组查询

在 MySQL 中，GROUP BY 关键字可以根据一个或多个字段对查询结果进行分组

GROUP BY 关键字可以和 GROUP_CONCAT() 函数一起使用。GROUP_CONCAT() 函数会把每个分组的字段值都显示出来

下面根据 tb_students_info 表中的 sex 字段进行分组查询，使用 GROUP_CONCAT() 函数将每个分组的 name 字段的值都显示出来

mysql> select sex,group_concat(name) from tb_students_info group by sex;
+------+-----------------------------------+
| sex  | group_concat(name)                |
+------+-----------------------------------+
| F    | Henry,Jim,John,Thomas,Tom         |
| M    | Dany,Green,Jane,Lily,Susan,LiMing |
+------+-----------------------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

下面根据 tb_students_info 表中的 age 和 sex 字段进行分组查询

mysql> select age,sex,group_concat(name) from tb_students_info
    -> group by age,sex;
+------+------+--------------------+
| age  | sex  | group_concat(name) |
+------+------+--------------------+
|   21 | F    | John               |
|   22 | F    | Thomas             |
|   22 | M    | Jane,Lily,LiMing   |
|   23 | F    | Henry,Tom          |
|   23 | M    | Green,Susan        |
|   24 | F    | Jim                |
|   25 | M    | Dany               |
+------+------+--------------------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

5.1 GROUP BY 与聚合函数

在数据统计时，GROUP BY 关键字经常和聚合函数一起使用。

聚合函数包括 COUNT()，SUM()，AVG()，MAX() 和 MIN()。其中，COUNT() 用来统计记录的条数；SUM() 用来计算字段值的总和；AVG() 用来计算字段值的平均值；MAX() 用来查询字段的最大值；MIN() 用来查询字段的最小值

使用 COUNT() 函数计算每一组的记录数:

mysql> select sex,count(sex) from tb_students_info
    -> group by sex;
+------+------------+
| sex  | count(sex) |
+------+------------+
| F    |          5 |
| M    |          6 |
+------+------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

5.2 GROUP BY 与 WITH ROLLUP

WITH POLLUP 关键字用来在所有记录的最后加上一条记录，这条记录是上面所有记录的总和，即统计记录数量

mysql> select sex,group_concat(name) from tb_students_info
    -> group by sex with rollup;
+------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
| sex  | group_concat(name)                                          |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
| F    | Henry,Jim,John,Thomas,Tom                                   |
| M    | Dany,Green,Jane,Lily,Susan,LiMing                           |
| NULL | Henry,Jim,John,Thomas,Tom,Dany,Green,Jane,Lily,Susan,LiMing |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

6. 子查询

子查询是 MySQL 中比较常用的查询方法，通过子查询可以实现多表查询。子查询指将一个查询语句嵌套在另一个查询语句中。子查询可以在 SELECT、UPDATE 和 DELETE 语句中使用，而且可以进行多层嵌套。在实际开发时，子查询经常出现在 WHERE 子句中

一般来说，表连接（内连接和外连接等）都可以用子查询替换，但反过来却不一定，有的子查询不能用表连接来替换。子查询比较灵活、方便、形式多样，适合作为查询的筛选条件，而表连接更适合于查看连接表的数据

使用子查询在 tb_students_info 表和 tb_course 表中查询学习 Java 课程的学生姓名

mysql> select name from tb_students_info
    -> where course_id in (select id from tb_course where course_name = 'Java');
+-------+
| name  |
+-------+
| Dany  |
| Henry |
+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

使用=运算符，在 tb_course 表和 tb_students_info 表中查询出所有学习 Python 课程的学生姓名

mysql> select name from tb_students_info
    -> where course_id = (select id from tb_course where course_name = 'Python');
+------+
| name |
+------+
| Jane |
+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

使用<>运算符，在 tb_course 表和 tb_students_info 表中查询出没有学习 Python 课程的学生姓名

mysql> select name from tb_students_info
    -> where course_id <> (select id from tb_course where course_name = 'Python');
+--------+
| name   |
+--------+
| Dany   |
| Green  |
| Henry  |
| Jim    |
| John   |
| Lily   |
| Susan  |
| Thomas |
| Tom    |
| LiMing |
+--------+
10 rows in set (0.00 sec)

查询 tb_course 表中是否存在 id=1 的课程，如果存在，就查询出 tb_students_info 表中的记录

mysql> select * from tb_students_info
    -> where exists(select course_name from tb_course where id=1);
+----+--------+------+------+--------+-----------+
| id | name   | age  | sex  | height | course_id |
+----+--------+------+------+--------+-----------+
|  2 | Dany   |   25 | M    |    160 |         1 |
|  3 | Green  |   23 | M    |    158 |         2 |
|  4 | Henry  |   23 | F    |    185 |         1 |
|  5 | Jane   |   22 | M    |    162 |         3 |
|  6 | Jim    |   24 | F    |    175 |         2 |
|  7 | John   |   21 | F    |    172 |         4 |
|  8 | Lily   |   22 | M    |    165 |         4 |
|  9 | Susan  |   23 | M    |    170 |         5 |
| 10 | Thomas |   22 | F    |    178 |         5 |
| 11 | Tom    |   23 | F    |    165 |         5 |
| 12 | LiMing |   22 | M    |    180 |         7 |
+----+--------+------+------+--------+-----------+
11 rows in set (0.00 sec)

查询 tb_course 表中是否存在 id=1 的课程，如果存在，就查询出 tb_students_info 表中 age 字段大于 24 的记录

mysql> select * from tb_students_info
    -> where age>24 and exists(select course_name from tb_course where id=1);
+----+------+------+------+--------+-----------+
| id | name | age  | sex  | height | course_id |
+----+------+------+------+--------+-----------+
|  2 | Dany |   25 | M    |    160 |         1 |
+----+------+------+------+--------+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)