linux 分区及基本命令介绍

最新推荐文章于 2023-08-12 23:08:02 发布

zuoanlove

最新推荐文章于 2023-08-12 23:08:02 发布

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分类专栏： Linux 系统管理

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在Linux系统中第一块网卡的名称为eth0

第二块网卡的名称为eth1

[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig
eth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:19:D1:83:A3:DD  
          inet addr:192.168.12.93  Bcast:192.168.12.255  Mask:255.255.255.0
          inet6 addr: fe80::219:d1ff:fe83:a3dd/64 Scope:Link
          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
          RX packets:404422135 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:287192081 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:100 
          RX bytes:611426610 (583.1 MiB)  TX bytes:3485490838 (3.2 GiB)
          Base address:0xecc0 Memory:dfde0000-dfe00000 

lo        Link encap:Local Loopback  
          inet addr:127.0.0.1  Mask:255.0.0.0
          inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host
          UP LOOPBACK RUNNING  MTU:16436  Metric:1
          RX packets:93899704 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:93899704 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 
          RX bytes:1908943876 (1.7 GiB)  TX bytes:1908943876 (1.7 GiB)

lo:0      Link encap:Local Loopback  
          inet addr:192.168.12.202  Mask:255.255.255.255
          UP LOOPBACK RUNNING  MTU:16436  Metric:1

gedit 为linux下的一个文本编辑器，

通过rpm -q 命令查询gedit是否安装

[root@localhost ~]# rpm -q gedit
gedit-2.16.0-5.el5

/root 超级管理员的宿主(家)目录

/bin 在linux系统中，登录时，分为超级管理员和普通用户权限，此目录存放的是普通用户能执行的命令，为二进制文件

/boot 存放系统启动文件和内核文件

/dev 存放一切设备文件 sda 第一块硬盘 /dev/sda

/etc 类似于windows中的注册表，配置文件都放在此目录中

/var 存放的为日志文件

/lib 存放动态库文件

/usr 存放第三方程序

/media 存放临时设备文件

root@localhost ~]# iduid=0(root) gid=0(root) groups=0(root),1(bin),2(daemon),3(sys),4(adm),6(disk),10(wheel)[root@localhost ~]# id portaluid=500(portal) gid=500(portal) groups=500(portal)[portal@localhost ~]$ su posterftp¿ÚÁî£º[posterftp@localhost portal]$ iduid=506(posterftp) gid=506(posterftp) groups=506(posterftp)

id + 用户名作用：查看用户信息

以上"#"代表以管理员的账号登录

[root@localhost ~]# su - portal[portal@localhost ~]$ iduid=500(portal) gid=500(portal) groups=500(portal)

如果id后面不跟任何用户名，则代表查看当前用户信息

以上“$“ 代表当前登录的是普通用户

[root@localhost ~]# uname --help用法: uname [选项]...Print certain system information. With no OPTION, same as -s.

-a, --all print all information, in the following order, except omit -p and -i if unknown: -s, --kernel-name print the kernel name -n, --nodename print the network node hostname -r, --kernel-release print the kernel release -v, --kernel-version print the kernel version -m, --machine print the machine hardware name -p, --processor print the processor type or "unknown" -i, --hardware-platform print the hardware platform or "unknown" -o, --operating-system print the operating system --help 显示此帮助信息并推出 --version 输出版本信息并推出

[root@localhost ~]# uname -aLinux localhost.localdomain 2.6.18-53.el5 #1 SMP Wed Oct 10 16:34:02 EDT 2007 i686 i686 i386 GNU/Linux[root@localhost ~]# uname -sLinux[root@localhost ~]# uname -nlocalhost.localdomain[root@localhost ~]# uname -r2.6.18-53.el5[root@localhost ~]# uname -v#1 SMP Wed Oct 10 16:34:02 EDT 2007[root@localhost ~]# uname -mi686[root@localhost ~]# uname -pi686[root@localhost ~]# uname -ii386[root@localhost ~]# uname -oGNU/Linux

hostname 查看计算机的主机名称

[root@localhost ~]# hostnamelocalhost.localdomain

计算机名称所在域的名称

ifconfig 查看网络信息

[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig eth0eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:19:D1:83:A3:DD inet addr:192.168.12.93 Bcast:192.168.12.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::219:d1ff:fe83:a3dd/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:404433260 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:287196844 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:100 RX bytes:613335905 (584.9 MiB) TX bytes:3486391094 (3.2 GiB) Base address:0xecc0 Memory:dfde0000-dfe00000 [root@localhost ~]# ifconfigeth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:19:D1:83:A3:DD inet addr:192.168.12.93 Bcast:192.168.12.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::219:d1ff:fe83:a3dd/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:404434038 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:287197141 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:100 RX bytes:613445293 (585.0 MiB) TX bytes:3486464992 (3.2 GiB) Base address:0xecc0 Memory:dfde0000-dfe00000

lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1 RX packets:94028091 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:94028091 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:2949724985 (2.7 GiB) TX bytes:2949724985 (2.7 GiB)

lo:0 Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:192.168.12.202 Mask:255.255.255.255 UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1

lo 网络回环地址通常用来测试网卡是否损坏

[root@localhost ~]# ip addr show1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 16436 qdisc noqueue link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00 inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo inet 192.168.12.202/32 brd 192.168.12.202 scope global lo:0 inet6 ::1/128 scope host valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast qlen 100 link/ether 00:19:d1:83:a3:dd brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff inet 192.168.12.93/24 brd 192.168.12.255 scope global eth0 inet6 fe80::219:d1ff:fe83:a3dd/64 scope link valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever3: sit0: <NOARP> mtu 1480 qdisc noop link/sit 0.0.0.0 brd 0.0.0.0[root@localhost ~]#

ip addr show 查看计算机的ip地址[可查看虚拟IP]

区别

ifconfig 查看物理的ip地址，网卡上有ip地址 vip 虚拟ip地址通过此命令显示不出来，只能通过ip addr show显示

[root@localhost ~]# cat /proc/cpuinfo //查看cpu信息 processor : 0vendor_id : GenuineIntelcpu family : 15model : 6model name : Intel(R) Pentium(R) D CPU 3.00GHzstepping : 5cpu MHz : 2992.656cache size : 2048 KB

查看内存信息

[root@localhost ~]# cat /proc/meminfo
MemTotal:      2065848 kB
MemFree:         88728 kB
Buffers:        138308 kB
Cached:         225556 kB

查看内存使用情况

[root@localhost ~]# free --help
free: invalid option -- -
usage: free [-b|-k|-m|-g] [-l] [-o] [-t] [-s delay] [-c count] [-V]
  -b,-k,-m,-g show output in bytes, KB, MB, or GB
  -l show detailed low and high memory statistics
  -o use old format (no -/+buffers/cache line)
  -t display total for RAM + swap
  -s update every [delay] seconds
  -c update [count] times
  -V display version information and exit

[root@localhost ~]# free -m -l
             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached
Mem:          2017       1930         87          0        134        219
Low:           875        820         54
High:         1142       1109         33
-/+ buffers/cache:       1576        441
Swap:         1983         55       1928
[root@localhost ~]# free -m -o
             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached
Mem:          2017       1930         87          0        134        219
Swap:         1983         55       1928
[root@localhost ~]# free -m -t
             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached
Mem:          2017       1964         53          0        134        252
-/+ buffers/cache:       1576        441
Swap:         1983         55       1928
Total:        4001       2019       1981
[root@localhost ~]# free -m -s 1
             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached
Mem:          2017       1930         86          0        134        219
-/+ buffers/cache:       1576        441
Swap:         1983         55       1928

             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached
Mem:          2017       1930         86          0        134        219
-/+ buffers/cache:       1576        441
Swap:         1983         55       1928

             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached
Mem:          2017       1930         86          0        134        219
-/+ buffers/cache:       1576        441
Swap:         1983         55       1928


[root@localhost ~]# free -m -c 1
             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached
Mem:          2017       1961         55          0        134        250
-/+ buffers/cache:       1576        441
Swap:         1983         55       1928

[root@localhost ~]# free -m total used free shared buffers cachedMem: 2017 1965 52 0 135 254-/+ buffers/cache: 1575 441Swap: 1983 55 1928

shutdown -h now

poweroff 关机的同时关闭电源，需要主板支持

命令和选项之间必须用空格隔开，选项和参数也是如此，区分大小写

shutdown、reboot 重启

[root@localhost ~]# shutdown -r +15 'The system will be shutdown!'

Broadcast message from root (pts/1) (Sat Sep 15 00:39:35 2012):

The system will be shutdown! 
The system is going DOWN for reboot in 15 minutes!

Shutdown cancelled.

ctrl +c 取消重启

shutdown -c 取消重启

命令的执行依赖于解释器程序(例如：/bin/bash)

内部命令系统启动直接存放在内存中[系统本身存在，在任何目录中执行时，都不需要输入命令的绝对路径]

外部命令存放在硬盘中[如windows 中的 QQ]

命令字 [选项] [参数]

选项：用于调节命令的具体功能

以”-“引导短格式选项(单个字符)

以"--"引导长格式选项

ls -l 查看目录下又哪些文件，以及文件的详细信息

Tab 键可以为命令和目录自动补齐

反斜杠”\“为强制换行

[root@localhost ~]# \
>

快捷键

ctrl+u 当前光标清空至行首

ctrl+k 当前光标清空至行尾[有疑问]

ctrl+l 清屏clear

ctrl+c 取消本次命令编辑

命令的"--help"选项

ls --help 查看帮助

man ls

man 查看命令的手册页

man ls | col -b > lshelp/txt

>输出重定向[会覆盖原有文件中的内容]

>>追加

查看及切换目录

pwd 查看当前目录

cd 【从/开始的路径称为绝对路径，从当前所在的路径开始的路径称为相对路径】

cd .. 返回上一级

cd - 【返回到上一次所用到的目录】

[root@localhost ~]# pwd
/root
[root@localhost ~]# cd /home/portal/
[root@localhost portal]# cd ..
[root@localhost home]# pwd
/home
[root@localhost home]# cd -
/home/portal
[root@localhost portal]# cd /home/portal/henan/
[root@localhost henan]# cd -
/home/portal
[root@localhost portal]# pwd
/home/portal
[root@localhost portal]# cd /tmp/
[root@localhost tmp]# cd -
/home/portal
[root@localhost portal]# cd /etc/
[root@localhost etc]# cd -
/home/portal

cd ~

返回到用户的宿主(家)目录

[root@localhost portal]# cd
[root@localhost ~]# cd ~

[root@localhost ~]# ls -l /tmp

总计 12
drwx------ 2 root   root   4096 2007-11-30 keyring-cwMrip
srwxr-xr-x 1 root   root      0 2007-11-30 mapping-root
srwxrwxrwx 1 root   root      0 08-26 22:28 mongodb-27017.sock
srwxr-xr-x 1 root   root      0 2007-11-30 scim-bridge-0.3.0.socket-0@localhost:0.0
srw------- 1 root   root      0 2007-11-30 scim-helper-manager-socket-root
srw------- 1 root   root      0 2007-11-30 scim-panel-socket:0-root
srw------- 1 root   root      0 2007-11-30 scim-socket-frontend-root
drwxr-xr-x 2 root   root   4096 09-06 13:37 test
drwxrwxr-x 3 test1  test1  4096 09-06 13:42 test1
-rw-r--r-- 1 lijian portal    0 09-08 17:03 testAq.log
[root@localhost ~]# ls -ld /tmp
drwxrwxrwt 8 root root 36864 09-15 01:02 /tmp
[root@localhost ~]# ls -a /tmp
.               mapping-root                              test
..              mongodb-27017.sock                        test1
.font-unix      scim-bridge-0.3.0.socket-0@localhost:0.0  testAq.log
.gdm_socket     scim-helper-manager-socket-root           .X0-lock
.ICE-unix       scim-panel-socket:0-root                  .X11-unix
keyring-cwMrip  scim-socket-frontend-root
[root@localhost ~]# ls -A /tmp
.font-unix      mongodb-27017.sock                        test
.gdm_socket     scim-bridge-0.3.0.socket-0@localhost:0.0  test1
.ICE-unix       scim-helper-manager-socket-root           testAq.log
keyring-cwMrip  scim-panel-socket:0-root                  .X0-lock
mapping-root    scim-socket-frontend-root                 .X11-unix
[root@localhost ~]#

ls -l

ls -ld 查看目录的详细信息

ls -a 查看指定目录下的所有文件[包括隐藏文件隐藏文件以.开始 , ..代表上一级目录]

ls -A 不显示.和..

软链接快捷方式[源文件删除，此链接不能使用，链接中文件内容修改，源文件也发生变化，ln -s]

硬链接文件拷贝[源文件删除，此链接文件变为一个普通文件，不需要加-s直接创建]

查看目录及每个文件的大小

du -h 以简单明了的方式显示

du -sh 目录[统计目录所占用的空间]

[root@localhost ~]# du -h /tmp
4.0K    /tmp/.X11-unix
8.0K    /tmp/test1/.kde/Autostart
12K     /tmp/test1/.kde
40K     /tmp/test1
4.0K    /tmp/test
4.0K    /tmp/.font-unix
4.0K    /tmp/keyring-cwMrip
4.0K    /tmp/.ICE-unix
104K    /tmp
[root@localhost ~]# du -sh /tmp
104K    /tmp

mkdir test 创建目录

mkdir -p test1/test2 创建递归的目录

rm -rf test1 强制删除递归目录

touch test.txt 此命令可以创建多个文件

file test.txt 查看文件属性

[root@localhost tmp]# touch test1.txt
[root@localhost tmp]# file test1
test1/     test1.txt  
[root@localhost tmp]# file test1
test1/     test1.txt  
[root@localhost tmp]# file test1.txt 
test1.txt: empty

ls -t

ls -R 递归显示内容

ls -lh 显示单位大小

s 开头代表为socket文件接口文件

--color

ls install.log*

* 代表一个字符

？代表一个数字字母或者符号

??? 代表后面只有三个数字字母符号

创建隐藏目录 mkdir .text

alias 定义别名

mv -i 修改前会有交互信息输出

alias qq='ls -a' //执行qq就代表执行ls -a

unalias qq

df 查看系统分区使用情况

//创建软连接[快捷方式，源文件删除，此链接不能使用，软链接中文件内容修改，源文件也发生变化]

[root@localhost tmp]# echo "123" > sourceFile 新建一个内容为123的文件，文件名称为sourceFile

[root@localhost tmp]# ln -s sourceFile softlink 创建软链接
源文件

[root@localhost tmp]# ll
总计 8
drwx------ 2 root root 4096 2007-11-30 keyring-cwMrip
srwxr-xr-x 1 root root    0 2007-11-30 mapping-root
srwxrwxrwx 1 root root    0 08-26 22:28 mongodb-27017.sock
srwxr-xr-x 1 root root    0 2007-11-30 scim-bridge-0.3.0.socket-0@localhost:0.0
srw------- 1 root root    0 2007-11-30 scim-helper-manager-socket-root
srw------- 1 root root    0 2007-11-30 scim-panel-socket:0-root
srw------- 1 root root    0 2007-11-30 scim-socket-frontend-root
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root   10 09-15 23:20 softlink -> sourceFile //已创建的软链接
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root    4 09-15 23:17 sourceFile //源文件
[root@localhost tmp]# cat softlink //查看软链接中的内容和源文件中的内容一致
123
[root@localhost tmp]# cat sourceFile //查看源文件中的内容
123
[root@localhost tmp]# echo "1234" >> softlink //修改软链接文件中的内容
[root@localhost tmp]# cat softlink //查看软链接文件中的内容
123
1234
[root@localhost tmp]# cat sourceFile //查看源文件中的内容
123
1234

//由此可见，当修改软链接中的内容时，源文件的内容页发生变化
[root@localhost tmp]# echo "12345" >> sourceFile //修改源文件中的内容
[root@localhost tmp]# cat sourceFile
123
1234
12345
[root@localhost tmp]# cat softlink
123
1234
12345

//修改源文件中的内容，软链接中的内容页发生变化

[root@localhost tmp]# rm -rf sourceFile

当删除了源文件时，软链接文件则无法访问

//创建硬连接[文件拷贝，源文件删除，此链接文件变为一个普通文件]

[root@localhost tmp]# echo "123456" > sourceFile
[root@localhost tmp]# ll
总计 8
drwx------ 2 root root 4096 2007-11-30 keyring-cwMrip
srwxr-xr-x 1 root root    0 2007-11-30 mapping-root
srwxrwxrwx 1 root root    0 08-26 22:28 mongodb-27017.sock
srwxr-xr-x 1 root root    0 2007-11-30 scim-bridge-0.3.0.socket-0@localhost:0.0
srw------- 1 root root    0 2007-11-30 scim-helper-manager-socket-root
srw------- 1 root root    0 2007-11-30 scim-panel-socket:0-root
srw------- 1 root root    0 2007-11-30 scim-socket-frontend-root
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root    7 09-15 23:50 sourceFile
[root@localhost tmp]# cat sourceFile
123456
[root@localhost tmp]# ln sourceFile hardLink
[root@localhost tmp]# ll
总计 12
-rw-r--r-- 2 root root    7 09-15 23:50 hardLink
drwx------ 2 root root 4096 2007-11-30 keyring-cwMrip
srwxr-xr-x 1 root root    0 2007-11-30 mapping-root
srwxrwxrwx 1 root root    0 08-26 22:28 mongodb-27017.sock
srwxr-xr-x 1 root root    0 2007-11-30 scim-bridge-0.3.0.socket-0@localhost:0.0
srw------- 1 root root    0 2007-11-30 scim-helper-manager-socket-root
srw------- 1 root root    0 2007-11-30 scim-panel-socket:0-root
srw------- 1 root root    0 2007-11-30 scim-socket-frontend-root
-rw-r--r-- 2 root root    7 09-15 23:50 sourceFile
[root@localhost tmp]# cat hardLink
123456
[root@localhost tmp]# echo "1234567" >> sourceFile
[root@localhost tmp]# cat hardLink
123456
1234567
[root@localhost tmp]# echo "1234567" >> hardLink
[root@localhost tmp]# cat hardLink
123456
1234567
1234567
[root@localhost tmp]# cat sourceFile
123456
1234567
1234567
[root@localhost tmp]# rm -rf sourceFile
[root@localhost tmp]# cat hardLink
123456
1234567
1234567
[root@localhost tmp]#

总结，不管修改软链接文件还是硬链接文件，都会影响源文件内容，区别是

软链接将源文件删除后，链接文件不能访问

硬链接将源文件删除后，链接文件依然可以访问

Copy SOURCE to DEST, or multiple SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY.

Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options
too.

-a, --archive
same as -dpR

--backup[=CONTROL]
make a backup of each existing destination file

-b like --backup but does not accept an argument

--copy-contents
copy contents of special files when recursive

-d same as --no-dereference --preserve=link

       -f, --force
              if an existing destination file cannot be opened, remove it and
              try again

-i, --interactive
prompt before overwrite

-H follow command-line symbolic links

-l, --link
link files instead of copying

-L, --dereference
always follow symbolic links

-P, --no-dereference
never follow symbolic links

-p same as --preserve=mode,ownership,timestamps

       --preserve[=ATTR_LIST]
              preserve   the   specified   attributes   (default: mode,owner-
              ship,timestamps) and security contexts, if possible additional
              attributes: links, all

--no-preserve=ATTR_LIST
don¡¯t preserve the specified attributes

--parents
use full source file name under DIRECTORY

-R, -r, --recursive
copy directories recursively

       --remove-destination
              remove each existing destination file before attempting to open
              it (contrast with --force)

--sparse=WHEN
control creation of sparse files

--strip-trailing-slashes remove any trailing slashes from each SOURCE
argument

-s, --symbolic-link
make symbolic links instead of copying

-S, --suffix=SUFFIX
override the usual backup suffix

-t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY
copy all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY

-T, --no-target-directory
treat DEST as a normal file

       -u, --update
              copy only when the SOURCE file is newer than the destination
              file or when the destination file is missing

-v, --verbose
explain what is being done

-x, --one-file-system
stay on this file system

--help display this help and exit

-Z, --context=CONTEXT
set security context of copy to CONTEXT

--version
output version information and exit

[root@localhost tmp]# touch cptest

[root@localhost tmp]# ll
总计 8
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root    0 09-16 00:16 cptest
[root@localhost tmp]# ls -lh /root/ |grep cptest
-rw-r--r-- 1 root     root    0 09-16 00:17 cptest
[root@localhost tmp]# cp -i cptest /root
cp 是否覆盖 root/cptest¡±? yes
[root@localhost tmp]# ls -lh /root/ |grep cptest
-rw-r--r-- 1 root     root    0 09-16 00:18 cptest
[root@localhost tmp]# ls -p /root/ |grep cptest
cptest
[root@localhost tmp]# ls -lh /root/ |grep cptest
-rw-r--r-- 1 root     root    0 09-16 00:18 cptest
[root@localhost tmp]# cp -i cptest /root
cp是否覆盖/root/cptest¡±? yes
[root@localhost tmp]# ls -lh /root/ |grep cptest
-rw-r--r-- 1 root     root    0 09-16 00:19 cptest
[root@localhost tmp]# cp -fp cptest /root
cp是否覆盖/root/cptest¡±? yes
[root@localhost tmp]# ls -lh /root/ |grep cptest
-rw-r--r-- 1 root     root    0 09-16 00:16 cptest
[root@localhost tmp]# cp -i -p cptest /root
cp是否覆盖/root/cptest¡±? yes
[root@localhost tmp]# cp -f -p cptest /root
cp是否覆盖/root/cptest¡±? yes
[root@localhost tmp]#

-p 保存文件原有属性 same as --preserve = mode ,ownship,timestamps

-f 强制覆盖提醒 if an existint destination file cannot be opened,remove it and try angin

-i 强制覆盖提醒 prompt before overwrite

mv 移动文件或者更改名称

which 主要用于查找命令的绝对路径

[root@localhost tmp]# which ls
alias ls='ls --color=tty'
/bin/ls
[root@localhost tmp]# which vsftpd
/usr/sbin/vsftpd
[root@localhost tmp]# echo $PATH
/usr/java/jdk1.6.0_24/bin:/usr/java/jdk1.6.0_24/bin:/usr/kerberos/sbin:/usr/kerberos/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin:/usr/bin/gcc

find

-name

-size

-user

-type

-exec 将查找到的结果给exec后面的命令去执行

-ok

/etc/resolv.conf 中存放DNS的IP地址

[root@localhost tmp]# find /boot type d //在/boot文件中查找类型为目录的文件
/boot
/boot/grub
/boot/grub/grub.conf
/boot/grub/device.map
/boot/grub/e2fs_stage1_5
/boot/grub/vstafs_stage1_5
/boot/grub/stage2
/boot/grub/minix_stage1_5
/boot/grub/menu.lst
/boot/grub/fat_stage1_5

-type c
File is of type c:

b block (buffered) special

c character (unbuffered) special

d directory

p named pipe (FIFO)

f regular file

              l      symbolic link; this is never true if the -L option or the
                     -follow option is in effect, unless the symbolic link is
                     broken. If you want to search for symbolic links when -L
                     is in effect, use -xtype.

s socket

D door (Solaris)

-type c
File is of type c:

b block (buffered) special

c character (unbuffered) special

d directory

p named pipe (FIFO)

f regular file

s socket

D door (Solaris)

[root@localhost ~]# find /boot -size +1024k -a -name "vmlinuz*" //此处-a代表and
/boot/vmlinuz-2.6.18-53.el5

[root@localhost ~]# find /boot -size +1024k
/boot/vmlinuz-2.6.18-53.el5
/boot/initrd-2.6.18-53.el5.img

[root@localhost ~]# find /boot -size +1024k -o -name "vmlinuz*" //此处-o代表or
/boot/vmlinuz-2.6.18-53.el5
/boot/initrd-2.6.18-53.el5.img

[root@localhost ~]# find $HOME -print //$HOME代表用户主目录

[root@localhost ~]# find ~ -name "*.txt"
/root/test1.txt
/root/text.txt

/root/456.txt

[root@localhost ~]# find ~ -name "[A-Z]*.txt"
/root/tomcat6_jdk6/RUNNING.txt
/root/tomcat6_jdk6/webapps/docs/RUNNING.txt

查找etc下passwd*文件中是否有nobody这个用户

[root@localhost ~]# find /etc -name "passwd*" -exec grep "nobody" {} \;
nobody:x:99:99:Nobody:/:/sbin/nologin
nfsnobody:x:65534:65534:Anonymous NFS User:/var/lib/nfs:/sbin/nologin
nobody:x:99:99:Nobody:/:/sbin/nologin
nfsnobody:x:65534:65534:Anonymous NFS User:/var/lib/nfs:/sbin/nologin

[root@localhost ~]# find /etc -name "*conf" -mtime +5
/etc/avahi/avahi-daemon.conf
/etc/X11/xinit/xinput.d/none.conf
/etc/X11/xinit/xinput.d/scim.conf
/etc/X11/xinit/xinput.d/xim.conf

目录和文件管理

[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/passwd [仅仅用来查看文件内容比较少的文件]
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin

[root@localhost ~]# more /etc/passwd[用来查看文件内容比较多的文件]
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin
sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown

less /etc/passwd

[root@localhost ~]# head -2 /etc/passwd //查看文件前2行的内容
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin

[root@localhost ~]# tail /etc/passwd [默认显示后10行的内容]

[root@localhost ~]# tail -2 /etc/passwd 【显示后2行的内容】
test1:x:10004:10004::/tmp/test1:/bin/bash
test2:x:10005:10004::/tmp/test1:/bin/bash

wc 统计文件中的单词数量

[root@localhost ~]# wc /etc/hosts
4 23 185 /etc/hosts

行单词字节

[root@localhost ~]# wc -l /etc/passwd [仅仅统计行数]
60 /etc/passwd

-l 行数

-w 统计单词个数

grep -i 忽略大小写

-v 反转查找，输出与查找条件不相符的行

"^" 开头

“$” 结尾

"^$" 空行

[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf |grep ^# //查找以#号开头的文本
# Example config file /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf
#

[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf |grep -v ^# //过滤掉以#好开头的文件
anonymous_enable=NO
local_enable=YES
write_enable=YES

gzip [-9] 文件名

bzip2 [-9] 文件名

以上只能压缩文件不能压缩目录

解压缩 gzip -d .gz格式的压缩文件

解压缩 bzip2 -d *.bz2格式的压缩文件

-9 表示高压缩比

-d 用于解压缩已经压缩过的文件

tar 命令压缩目录

tar 制作归档文件释放归档文件

tar [选项] 归档文件名源文件名

[选项] 归档文件名

-c 创建

-x 解压

-v 输出响应信息

-f 表示使用归档文件

-p 保留文件属性

-t 查看文件内容

[root@localhost tmp]# dd if=/dev/zero of=test.dat1 count=2 bs=2M;
2+0 records in
2+0 records out
4194304 bytes (4.2 MB) copied, 0.011399 seconds, 368 MB/s
[root@localhost tmp]# ls -lh|grep test.dat1
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 4.0M 09-20 23:44 test.dat1

linux 系统不区分扩展名称

tar -xzvf clvn.tar.gz 解压缩

tar -czvf clvn.tar.gz clvn

tar -jxvf 用来解压bz格式文件

[root@localhost tmp]# ls -lh|grep test.data*
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2.0M 09-18 21:07 test.dat
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 4.0M 09-20 23:44 test.dat1
[root@localhost tmp]# tar -czvf test.tar.gz test.dat test.dat1
test.dat
test.dat1
[root@localhost tmp]# ls -lh|grep test
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 09-16 00:16 cptest
-rw-r--r-- 1 lijian portal 0 09-16 17:03 testAq.log
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2.0M 09-18 21:07 test.dat
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 4.0M 09-20 23:44 test.dat1
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 6.2K 09-20 23:47 test.tar.gz
[root@localhost tmp]# mkdir test
[root@localhost tmp]# tar -xzvf test.tar.gz -C test //[将test.tar.gz解压到/test目录中]
test.dat
test.dat1
[root@localhost tmp]# ls -lh ./test
×Ü¼Æ 6.1M
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2.0M 09-18 21:07 test.dat
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 4.0M 09-20 23:44 test.dat1
[root@localhost tmp]#