结构体(structs)
结构体有三种形式:
- 没有成员的单元结构体
- 有成员但没有名字的元组结构体
- 有成员而且有名字的普通结构体
// 结构体
struct Point {
x: i32,
y: i32,
}
// 不变绑定
let origin = Point { x: 0, y: 0 }; // origin: Point
println!("The origin is at ({}, {})", origin.x, origin.y);
// 可变绑定
let mut point = Point { x: 0, y: 0 };
point.x = 5;
// 更新语法(update syntax)
struct Point3d {
x: i32,
y: i32,
z: i32,
}
let mut point = Point3d { x: 0, y: 0, z: 0 };
point = Point3d { y: 1, .. point };
// 元组结构体(tuple structs)
struct Color(i32, i32, i32);
struct Point(i32, i32, i32);
let black = Color(0, 0, 0);
let origin = Point(0, 0, 0);
// 单元结构体(unit-like structs)
struct Electron;
let x = Electron;
方法语法(method-syntax)
// 方法语法
struct Circle {
x: f64,
y: f64,
radius: f64,
}
impl Circle {
// 要实现方法调用(method calls)语法,第一个参数必须是self的某种形式
fn area(&self) -> f64 {
std::f64::consts::PI * (self.radius * self.radius)
}
// 通过返回结构体来实现链式方法调用(chaining method calls)
fn grow(&self, increment: f64) -> Circle {
Circle { x: self.x, y: self.y, radius: self.radius + increment }
}
// 通过返回结构体来实现关联函数(associated functions)
fn new(x: f64, y: f64, radius: f64) -> Circle {
Circle {
x: x,
y: y,
radius: radius,
}
}
}
impl Circle {
// self参数只有不变借用,可变借用和移动这三种形式
fn reference(&self) {
println!("taking self by reference!");
}
fn mutable_reference(&mut self) {
println!("taking self by mutable reference!");
}
fn takes_ownership(self) {
println!("taking ownership of self!");
}
}
fn main() {
let c = Circle { x: 0.0, y: 0.0, radius: 2.0 };
// 方法调用
println!("{}", c.area());
// 关联函数
let c = Circle::new(0.0, 0.0, 2.0);
// 链式方法调用
let d = c.grow(2.0).area();
println!("{}", d);
}
枚举(enums)
枚举其实是一种变体结构
在枚举中可以定义所有三种结构体
在枚举中可以定义所有三种结构体
// 枚举
enum Message {
Quit,
ChangeColor(i32, i32, i32),
Move { x: i32, y: i32 },
Write(String),
}
let x: Message = Message::Move { x: 3, y: 4 };
let m = Message::Write("Hello, world".to_string());
let v = Message::ChangeColor(r, g, b);
模式(patterns)匹配(match)
// 匹配常量
let x = 1;
match x {
1 => println!("one"),
2 => println!("two"),
3 => println!("three"),
_ => println!("anything"),
}
// 匹配多个模式
let x = 1;
match x {
1 | 2 => println!("one or two"),
3 => println!("three"),
_ => println!("anything"),
}
// 匹配结构
struct Point {
x: i32,
y: i32,
}
let origin = Point { x: 0, y: 0 };
match origin {
Point { x, y } => println!("({},{})", x, y),
}
match origin {
Point { x: x1, y: y1 } => println!("({},{})", x1, y1),
}
match origin {
Point { x, .. } => println!("x is {}", x),
}
match origin {
Point { y, .. } => println!("y is {}", y),
}
// 匹配枚举
enum Message {
Quit,
ChangeColor(i32, i32, i32),
Move { x: i32, y: i32 },
Write(String),
}
fn quit() { /* ... */ }
fn change_color(r: i32, g: i32, b: i32) { /* ... */ }
fn move_cursor(x: i32, y: i32) { /* ... */ }
fn process_message(msg: Message) {
match msg {
Message::Quit => quit(),
Message::ChangeColor(r, g, b) => change_color(r, g, b),
Message::Move { x: x, y: y } => move_cursor(x, y),
Message::Write(s) => println!("{}", s),
};
}
// 匹配中忽略某些值
// 匹配Result<R,E>时忽略某些值
match some_value {
Ok(value) => println!("got a value: {}", value),
Err(_) => println!("an error occurred"),
}
// 匹配元组时忽略某些值
fn coordinate() -> (i32, i32, i32) {
// generate and return some sort of triple tuple
}
let (x, _, z) = coordinate();
let tuple: (u32, String) = (5, String::from("five"));
let (x, s) = tuple; // 匹配时String被移动
let (x, _) = tuple; // 匹配时String被忽略
// 匹配枚举时忽略某些值
enum OptionalTuple {
Value(i32, i32, i32),
Missing,
}
let x = OptionalTuple::Value(5, -2, 3);
match x {
OptionalTuple::Value(..) => println!("Got a tuple!"),
OptionalTuple::Missing => println!("No such luck."),
}
// 匹配后得到不变引用
let x = 5;
match x {
ref r => println!("Got a reference to {}", r),
}
// 匹配后得到可变引用
let mut x = 5;
match x {
ref mut mr => println!("Got a mutable reference to {}", mr),
}
// 匹配区间
let x = 1;
match x {
1 ... 5 => println!("one through five"),
_ => println!("anything"),
}
let x = ',';
match x {
'a' ... 'j' => println!("early letter"),
'k' ... 'z' => println!("late letter"),
_ => println!("something else"),
}
// 匹配时绑定区间到变量名
let x = 1;
match x {
e @ 1 ... 5 | e @ 8 ... 10 => println!("got a range element {}", e),
_ => println!("anything"),
}
// 匹配复杂结构体时绑定某一部分到变量名
#[derive(Debug)]
struct Person {
name: Option,
}
let name = "Steve".to_string();
let mut x: Option = Some(Person { name: Some(name) });
match x {
Some(Person { name: ref a @ Some(_), .. }) => println!("{:?}", a),
_ => {}
}
// 匹配守卫(guards)即匹配时添加条件限制
enum OptionalInt {
Value(i32),
Missing,
}
let x = OptionalInt::Value(5);
match x {
OptionalInt::Value(i) if i > 5 => println!("Got an int bigger than five!"),
OptionalInt::Value(..) => println!("Got an int!"),
OptionalInt::Missing => println!("No such luck."),
}
// 守卫的优先级比多重模式要低
let x = 4;
let y = false;
match x {
4 | 5 if y => println!("yes"),
_ => println!("no"),
}